Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,062 questions · 1,113 findings · 171 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 161 · 14.5%GRADE not reported 41 · 3.7%Very low 269 · 24.2%Low 321 · 28.8%Moderate 252 · 22.6%High 69 · 6.2%

Ocrelizumab vs placebo

Number of participants experiencing disability progression · primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Ocrelizumab may leads to lower number of participants experiencing disability progression compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ocrelizumab vs placebo

Number of participants with any adverse events · primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Ocrelizumab probably leads to higher number of participants with any adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Subjective memory measures ‐ intermediate EMQ, MSNQ, CFQ, MFQa · people with multiple sclerosis
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Objective verbal memory measures ‐ intermediate CVLT, AVLT, HVLT, VLT, SRT, MUSICa · people with multiple sclerosis
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Objective visual memory measures ‐ intermediate BVMT‐R, SPART, CMT, ROCF · people with multiple sclerosis
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Objective working memory measures ‐ intermediate PASAT, WAIS · people with multiple sclerosis
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Quality of life ‐ intermediateMSIS, MSQOL, SF‐36, SF‐12, SWLS, EQ‐5D‐5La · people with multiple sclerosis
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Acitivities of daily living ‐ intermediateEADLa · people with multiple sclerosis
1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Relapse · people with multiple sclerosis

It is very uncertain whether siponimod changes number of participants with relapses at 6 months compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Disability worsening · people with multiple sclerosis

Siponimod may leads to lower participants with disability worsening at 6 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with multiple sclerosis

Siponimod showed no clear difference in number of participants who withdrew due to AEs at 6 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Annualised relapse rate · people with multiple sclerosis

Siponimod may leads to lower annualised relapse rate compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Mean number of gadolinium‐enhancing lesions on T1‐weighted brain MRI image at 6 months · people with multiple sclerosis

It is very uncertain whether siponimod changes mean number of gadolinium‐enhancing lesions on T1‐weighted brain MRI… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

Mean number of new lesions or enlarged pre‐existing lesions on T2‐weighted brain MRI images at 6 months · people with multiple sclerosis

Siponimod may leads to lower mean number of new lesions or enlarged pre‐existing lesions on… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Siponimod vs placebo

SAEs · people with multiple sclerosis

Siponimod showed no clear difference in number of participants with at least one SAE at 6 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rituximab vs placebo

Common infections measured by clinical assessment over 28 months · primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Rituximab as 'first choice' showed no clear difference in common infections measured by clinical assessment over 28 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rituximab vs placebo

Cancer · primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Rituximab as 'first choice' showed no clear difference in cancer measured by clinical assessment over 28 months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review