Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,327 questions · 2,494 findings · 87 reviews · All outcomes

No studies found 450 · 18%GRADE not reported 1,487 · 59.6%Very low 385 · 15.4%Low 121 · 4.9%Moderate 50 · 2%High 1 · 0%

Benzodiazepines (topical clonazepam) vs placebo

Adverse effects: spasmophilia · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines (topical clonazepam) changes adverse effects: spasmophilia compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Trazodone vs placebo

Change in taste · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy plus standard care (surgery, antibiotics, oral rinse) vs Standard care alone (surgery, antibiotics, oral rinse)

Quality of life · People with BRONJ (mean age ~66 years; most treated with bisphosphonates for cancer (multiple myeloma, breast cancer) or osteoporosis)
1 finding from 1 review

Anticonvulsants (gabapentin 300 mg/day) vs placebo

Adverse effects: drowsiness (gabapentin alone) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether anticonvulsants (gabapentin 300 mg/day) changes adverse effects: drowsiness (gabapentin alone) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical treatments (topical urea 10%) vs placebo

Change in feeling of dryness · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · topical urea 10%
    SoF9. Change in feeling of dryness short-term (xerostomia questionnaire, 1-5, lower better): single study narratively reported no difference before or after treatment; 38 participants (1 RCT, topical urea); very low.
    1 study · 38 participants
    Very low

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

Adverse effects: dry mouth · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: dry mouth compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (lycopene) vs placebo

QoL · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (lycopene) changes change in quality of life (QoL) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines (topical clonazepam) vs placebo

Adverse effects: euphoric behaviour · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines (topical clonazepam) changes adverse effects: euphoric behaviour compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical treatments (topical urea 10%) vs placebo

Change in taste · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · topical urea 10%
    SoF9. Change in taste short-term (Quantitative Sensory Testing gustative threshold): single study narratively reported no difference in short-term gustation thresholds; 38 participants (1 RCT, topical urea); very low.
    1 study · 38 participants
    Very low

Low‐level laser therapy vs placebo

Change in feeling of dryness · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Physical barriers (tongue protector) vs placebo

QoL · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether physical barriers (tongue protector) changes change in quality of life (QoL) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) vs placebo

Adverse effects: headache · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- adjunctive ingredients) changes adverse effects: headache compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐level laser therapy vs placebo

Adverse effects · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Physical barriers (tongue protector) vs placebo

Change in QoL - depression (surrogate marker) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether physical barriers (tongue protector) changes change in QoL - depression (surrogate marker) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Gabapentin vs placebo

Change in feeling of dryness · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (lycopene) vs placebo

Change in QoL - anxiety (surrogate marker) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether dietary supplements (lycopene) changes change in QoL - anxiety (surrogate marker) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alpha‐lipoic acid vs placebo

Change in taste · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Trazodone vs placebo

Change in feeling of dryness · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines (systemic clonazepam) vs placebo

Change in taste · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines (systemic clonazepam) changes change in taste compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review