Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,749 questions · 14,261 findings · 832 reviews

No studies found 3,655 · 25.6%GRADE not reported 2,111 · 14.8%Very low 3,646 · 25.6%Low 3,028 · 21.2%Moderate 1,501 · 10.5%High 320 · 2.2%

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Mindfulness vs no treatment or waiting list

Mental health and well‐being: stress or stress perceptionMeasured by: investigators measured stress or stress perception using different instruments; lower scores mean lower stress or stress perception Timing of outcome assessment: post‐intervention
1 finding from 1 review

Active stimulation vs Placebo (sham/placebo device)

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic pain
3 findings from 1 review

Active stimulation vs Placebo (sham/placebo device)

Adverse event: lead failure/ displacement · adults with chronic pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic pain
3 findings from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with chronic pain

It is very uncertain whether active stimulation + other intervention changes pain intensity. Proportion with ≥ 50% pain relief. compared with other intervention alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Adverse event: lead failure/ displacement · adults with chronic pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

3 findings from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) · adults with chronic pain

Active stimulation + other intervention may leads to higher pain intensity. Proportion with ≥50% pain relief. compared with other intervention alone (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review