What do systematic reviews say?

Drape vs no drape

It is very uncertain whether drape changes metritis compared with no drape (very low certainty).

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.62 [0.29, 9.16]
  1 study · 79 participants
  Very low

Drape vs no drape

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 603 participants
  Moderate

Drape vs no drape

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Parachlorometaxylenol with iodine vs iodine alone

It is very uncertain whether parachlorometaxylenol with iodine changes endometritis compared with iodine alone (very low certainty).

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.56, 1.38]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Very low

Parachlorometaxylenol with iodine vs iodine alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Parachlorometaxylenol with iodine vs iodine alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Chlorhexidine vs povidone‐iodine

Chlorhexidine gluconate probably leads to lower surgical site infection compared with povidone iodine (moderate certainty).

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.58, 0.91]
  8 studies · 4323 participants
  Moderate

Chlorhexidine vs povidone‐iodine

Chlorhexidine gluconate showed no clear difference in endometritis compared with povidone iodine (low certainty).

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.49, 1.86]
  3 studies · 2484 participants
  Low

Chlorhexidine vs povidone‐iodine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Chlorhexidine vs povidone‐iodine

It is very uncertain whether chlorhexidine gluconate changes adverse events (maternal) ‐ skin irritation or allergic skin reaction compared with povidone iodine (very low certainty).

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64 [0.28, 1.46]
  3 studies · 1926 participants
  Very low

Drape vs no drape

Drape showed no clear difference in surgical site infection compared with no drape (low certainty).

• Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.29 [0.97, 1.71]
  3 studies · 1373 participants
  Low

Epinephrine vs norepinephrine

It is very uncertain whether epinephrine changes all‐cause short‐term mortality: 28 days compared with norepinephrine (very low certainty).

• Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.81 [0.89, 3.68]
  1 study · 57 participants
  Very low

Epinephrine vs norepinephrine

It is very uncertain whether epinephrine changes all‐cause long‐term mortality: 60 days compared with norepinephrine (very low certainty).

• Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.41 [0.78, 2.56]
  1 study · 57 participants
  Very low

Dopamine‐milrinone vs dopamine‐dobutamine

It is very uncertain whether dopamine‐milrinone changes all‐cause short‐term mortality: at intensive care unit compared with dopamine‐dobutamine (very low certainty).

• Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.34, 2.93]
  1 study · 20 participants
  Very low

Dopamine‐milrinone vs dopamine‐dobutamine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Levosimendan vs enoximone

It is very uncertain whether levosimendan changes all‐cause short‐term mortality: 30 days compared with enoximone (very low certainty).

• Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.22, 1.14]
  1 study · 32 participants
  Very low

Levosimendan vs enoximone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Epinephrine vs norepinephrine‐dobutamine

It is very uncertain whether epinephrine changes all‐cause short‐term mortality: 28 days compared with norepinephrine‐dobutamine (very low certainty).

• Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.41, 3.77]
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Epinephrine vs norepinephrine‐dobutamine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

More intensive vs less intensive insulin therapy

It is very uncertain whether more intensive changes transplant or graft survival compared with less intensive insulin therapy (very low certainty).

• Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.32, 3.94]
  4 studies · 301 participants
  Very low