What do systematic reviews say?

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 51 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs No active treatment (control)

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 32 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 22 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs laseropuncture/electro‐acupuncture

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

Electrical stimulation probably leads to higher participants cured or improved compared with drug therapy (moderate certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [1.04, 1.38]
  8 studies · 439 participants
  Moderate

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 336 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

Electrical stimulation may leads to lower adverse effects ‐ ES versus oxybutynin compared with drug therapy (low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.11 [0.01, 0.84]
  2 studies · 79 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

Electrical stimulation probably leads to lower adverse effects ‐ ES versus tolterodine compared with drug therapy (moderate certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.12 [0.05, 0.27]
  4 studies · 200 participants
  Moderate

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes adverse effects ‐ ES versus solifenacin succinate compared with drug therapy (very low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.6]
  1 study · 100 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation vs No active treatment (control)

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 148 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs No active treatment (control)

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs Placebo / sham solution

Electrical stimulation probably leads to higher participants cured or improved compared with placebo or sham treatment (moderate certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.26 [1.85, 2.77]
  10 studies · 677 participants
  Moderate

Electrical stimulation vs Placebo / sham solution

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence compared with placebo or sham treatment (low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.03 [0.28, 89.88]
  2 studies · 242 participants
  Low