Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

586 questions · 621 findings · 22 reviews · Oral medicine and oral cancer

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No studies found 94 · 15.1%GRADE not reported 377 · 60.7%Very low 103 · 16.6%Low 35 · 5.6%Moderate 11 · 1.8%High 1 · 0.2%

Vitamin B12 (sublingual, 1000 mcg daily for 6 months) vs placebo

'No ulcer' status during last 2 months of treatment · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

Vitamin B12 (sublingual, 1000 mcg daily for 6 months) led to higher 'No ulcer' status during last 2 months of treatment compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
6 months
RR 3.27 [1.23, 8.66]
1 study · 58 participants
GRADE not reported

Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (20 mg twice daily for 90 days) vs placebo

Number of ulcers at end of 90-day treatment · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (20 mg twice daily for 90 days) showed no clear difference in number of ulcers at end of 90-day treatment compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
90 days
MD -0.5 [-1.10, 0.10]
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Leukotriene receptor antagonist vs placebo

Time to resolution of first ulcer (days) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

Montelukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist; 10 mg daily for 1… led to lower time to resolution of first ulcer (days) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
2 months
MD -3.95 [-4.38, -3.52]
1 study · 40 participants
GRADE not reported

Any topical or systemic intervention (topical/systemic steroids, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, retinoids, anti-malarials, biologics, phototherapy, surgery) vs Placebo, no treatment, another active intervention, or a different dose of the same intervention

Reduction in number of flares · People of any age with erosive lichen planus affecting the oral, anogenital, and/or oesophageal regions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs placebo

Mean size of ulcers · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

LongoVital (herbal component alone) showed no clear difference in mean size of ulcers compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 to 6 months
MD -0.30 [-0.56, 0.04]
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

1% pimecrolimus cream vs Placebo (vehicle cream)

Physician Global Assessment (weighted sums of ulceration, erythema, reticulation, mm2) · People with erosive oral lichen planus

1% pimecrolimus cream showed no clear difference in physician Global Assessment (weighted sums of ulceration, erythema,… compared with placebo (vehicle cream); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
MD -56.57 [-134.02, 20.88]
1 study · 20 participants
GRADE not reported

Any topical or systemic intervention vs Placebo, no treatment, or another intervention

Outcome not reported · People with erosive oesophageal lichen planus

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
None of the studies involved oesophageal disease; hence, no evidence was found for the treatment of oesophageal ELP.
0 studies
No studies found

Pentoxifylline vs placebo

Pain, number of ulcers, ulcer-free days and ulcer size · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
60 days (plus 60-day follow-up)
A single trial at high risk of bias compared pentoxifylline 400 mg three times daily (n=14) with placebo (n=12). No statistically significant differences were reported for pain, number of ulcers and ulcer-free days at…
1 study · 26 participants
GRADE not reported

Aloe vera gel vs placebo

Physician Global Assessment (Thongprasom score) · People with erosive oral lichen planus

Aloe vera gel showed no clear difference in physician Global Assessment (Thongprasom score) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 2.64 [0.11, 61.54]
1 study · 45 participants
GRADE not reported

Colchicine (0.5 mg three times per day) vs placebo

Complete remission (no further aphthous episodes to 6 months) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
6 months
The trial by de Abreu 2009 (high risk of bias) also assessed colchicine (n=23) versus placebo (n=20). The number with no further aphthous episodes at 6 months was not significantly different from placebo (Fisher's…
1 study · 43 participants
GRADE not reported

Aloe vera gel vs placebo

Primary outcome: partial clinical response · People with erosive oral lichen planus

Aloe vera gel led to higher partial response (>=50% clinical improvement) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 19.25 [2.83, 130.85]
1 study · 45 participants
GRADE not reported

Aloe vera gel vs placebo

Side effects · People with erosive oral lichen planus

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
Table 3 (Side-effects). Choonhakarn 2008: no serious side-effects; 2 participants receiving aloe vera gel reported stinging and mild itching at lesions within the first week, symptoms spontaneously disappeared with…
1 study · 45 participants
GRADE not reported

Individualised homeopathic medicine (two doses over 24 hours) vs placebo

Pain free by end of study (day 6) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

Individualised homeopathic medicine (two doses over 24 hours) led to higher pain free by end of study (day 6) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
6 days
RR 2.00 [1.39, 2.89]
1 study · 100 participants
GRADE not reported

Leukotriene receptor antagonist vs placebo

Adverse effects · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
2 months
The study reported equal drug-related adverse effects for those treated with montelukast and placebo.
1 study · 40 participants
GRADE not reported

Any topical or systemic intervention (topical/systemic steroids, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, retinoids, anti-malarials, biologics, phototherapy, surgery) vs Placebo, no treatment, another active intervention, or a different dose of the same intervention

Reduction in severity of flares · People of any age with erosive lichen planus affecting the oral, anogenital, and/or oesophageal regions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Thalidomide (immunomodulator) vs Placebo or no treatment

Outcome not reported · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
Authors' conclusions: 'this review did not find trials involving several of other systemic interventions used for RAS, for example thalidomide in the absence of any systemic condition, despite its limitations on…
0 studies
No studies found

1% pimecrolimus cream vs Placebo (vehicle cream)

Pain reduction (VAS) · People with erosive oral lichen planus

1% pimecrolimus cream showed no clear difference in pain reduction (VAS) compared with placebo (vehicle cream); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
MD -3.30 [-20.22, 13.62]
2 studies · 32 participants
GRADE not reported

Clofazimine (100 mg daily for 30 days, then 100 mg every other day) vs placebo

Adverse effects · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
6 months
Clofazimine was associated with an increase in cutaneous adverse effects (skin pigmentation and drying) (Fisher's exact test P=0.015), but these were reported to be easily controlled.
1 study · 43 participants
GRADE not reported

LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs placebo

Number of days of ulcers (monthly average) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and clinical examination;…

LongoVital (herbal component alone) showed no clear difference in number of days of ulcers (monthly average) compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 to 6 months
MD -0.80 [-3.30, 1.70]
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Ciclosporin rinse vs Placebo (vehicle cream)

Side effects · People with erosive oral lichen planus

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
Table 3 (Side-effects). Eisen 1990: no adverse side-effects; transient burning sensation of mucosal surfaces during swishing of medication reported in all participants.
1 study · 8 participants
GRADE not reported