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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

529 questions · 536 findings · 58 reviews

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No studies found 147 · 27.4%GRADE not reported 67 · 12.5%Very low 121 · 22.6%Low 115 · 21.5%Moderate 78 · 14.6%High 8 · 1.5%

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) vs usual care

Number of people experiencing at least 1 exacerbation/moderate to severe exacerbation · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) changes number of people experiencing at least 1 exacerbation/moderate to… compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) vs usual care

Time to first exacerbation · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) changes time to first exacerbation compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) vs usual care

QoL · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
3 findings from 1 review

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) vs usual care

Transmission‐related outcomes: hospitalization ‐ Number or proportion of hospital admissions · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) showed no clear difference in number of people who had at least 1 hospital admission compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) vs usual care

Number of people re‐admitted (all‐cause) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) probably leads to lower number of people re‐admitted (all‐cause) compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) vs usual care

Anti‐cytokine, all‐cause mortality ‐ uncertain risk of bias · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) changes mortality (all‐cause) overall analysis compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) vs usual care

Adverse events: number of people with 1 or more (all‐cause) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) changes adverse events: number of people with 1 or more (all‐cause) compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration

Mortality (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) changes mortality (at the end of compared with lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) vs lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration

Pneumonia · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether higher threshold (500 mL per six hours or greater) changes pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) compared with lower threshold (less than 500 mL per six hours) at time of aspiration (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review