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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
141 questions in 6 reviews · Esthetic dentistry
current versionsNo studies 16 · 11.3%Ungraded 64 · 45.4%Very low 54 · 38.3%Low 7 · 5%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
HP mouthwash vs Placebo Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Not reported | NR | No studies |
CP paint-on gel vs Placebo Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Not reported | NR | No studies |
6% HP paint-on gel + KF vs 6% HP paint-on gel Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.10 [-0.56, 0.36] | 1 study · 67 participants | Very low |
18% CP paint-on gel vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 3 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 3.50 [3.12, 3.88] | 1 study · 77 participants | Very low |
10% CP gel in tray vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks, light baseline shade Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 4.50 [4.04, 4.96] | 1 study | Very low |
6% HP gel in tray vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 14 days Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 3.08 [2.28, 3.88] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
10% CP gel in tray vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 6 months Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | RR 6.74 [3.15, 14.40] | 2 studies · 109 participants | Very low |
CP gel in tray vs Placebo Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Main adverse events reported in majority of trials were mild and transient tooth sensitivity and oral irritation which occurred more in the intervention group compared to placebo | 3 studies | Ungraded |
6% HP strip vs 10% CP gel in tray Tooth whitening - reported by the patient · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.41 [-2.05, 1.23] | 1 study · 43 participants | Ungraded |
5.9% HP strip vs 5.9% HP paint-on gel Tooth whitening - reported by the patient · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.25 [-1.88, 1.38] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
HP strips vs HP gel in tray Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Tooth sensitivity and oral irritation mild and transient and did not differ between groups | 2 studies | Ungraded |
14% / HP strips vs Placebo Oral health-related quality of life · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | No significant impact of tooth whitening on OHRQoL (Bruhn 2012; Wong 2004) | 2 studies | Ungraded |
14% HP strip vs 9.5% HP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 22 days Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -1.40 [-2.35, -0.45] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
10% CP gel in tray vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks, medium-dark baseline shade Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 9.30 [8.75, 9.85] | 1 study | Very low |
6.5% HP strip vs 16% CP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 21 days Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 2.10 [1.16, 3.04] | 1 study · 55 participants | Low |
5.3% HP strip vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 6 months Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 1.21 [0.67, 1.75] | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
25% CP paint-on gel vs 8.75% HP paint-on gel Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.16 [-1.39, 1.07] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
9.5% adhesion HP strip vs 10% HP strip Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · day 9 Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -1.50 [-2.33, -0.67] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
20% CP gel in tray vs 9% HP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.58 [-8.01, 6.85] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
HP paint-on gel vs HP strips Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Adverse events mild; slightly higher tooth hypersensitivity and gingival irritation in strip group but no evidence of a difference | 2 studies | Ungraded |
14% HP strip vs 35% CP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 30 days Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.58 [-0.61, 1.77] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
6% HP strip vs 10% CP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 6 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.30 [-0.95, 0.35] | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
6% HP strip vs 10% HP thin-gel strip Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 15 days Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.68 [0.16, 1.20] | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
SHMP chewing gum vs Placebo Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Not reported | NR | No studies |
10% CP gel in tray (with desensitiser) vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 4.70 [3.28, 6.12] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
15% CP gel in tray vs 10% CP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 2.22 [1.29, 3.15] | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
CP paint-on gel vs HP paint-on gel Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Not reported | NR | No studies |
CP paint-on gel vs CP paint-on gel Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Very mild tooth sensitivity in the 4x/day group; gingival and tooth sensitivity transient, none withdrew | 2 studies | Ungraded |
19% SPC paint-on gel vs 8.7% HP paint-on gel Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.36 [-0.71, -0.01] | 1 study · 56 participants | Ungraded |
7.5% SHMP chewing gum vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 days Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.89 [0.77, 1.01] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
CP gel in tray vs CP gel in tray Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Higher concentrations of CP in tray led to more tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation; symptoms mild and transient; CP with desensitiser showed significantly less sensitivity | 4 studies | Ungraded |
20% CP gel in tray vs 7.5% HP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 12 days Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.99 [-2.32, 0.34] | 1 study · 56 participants | Very low |
5.3% HP strip vs 5% HP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 18 months Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.06 [-2.24, 2.36] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
6% HP strip vs 19% SPC paint-on film Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.93 [0.59, 1.27] | 1 study · 47 participants | Ungraded |
5% CP gel in tray (with STPP) vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 4.56 [1.52, 7.59] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
10% CP gel in tray (Opalescence) vs 10% CP gel in tray (NiteWhite Excel) Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.90, 1.18] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
HP strips vs CP gel in tray Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Results variable for tooth sensitivity and oral irritation, some favouring strip, some tray, some no difference | 7 studies | Ungraded |
10% CP gel in tray vs 7.5% HP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -1 [-2.86, 0.86] | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
10% CP gel in tray vs 6% HP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks, dark baseline shade Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -4.30 [-5.02, -3.58] | 1 study | Very low |
17% CP gel in tray vs 10% CP gel in tray Tooth whitening - reported by the patient · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 3 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 2.60 [2.57, 2.63] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
SPC paint-on gel vs CP paint-on gel Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | One subject in 19% SPC group reported oral sensitivity; all adverse events mild (Barlow 2003) | 1 study | Ungraded |
SPC paint-on gel vs HP strips Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | Tooth sensitivity and oral irritation most common adverse events with strip use; symptomatic only (Bizhang 2007) | 1 study | Ungraded |
5.9% HP strip vs 5.9% HP paint-on gel Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 1.28 [0.77, 1.79] | 1 study · 33 participants | Ungraded |
5% CP gel in tray vs 10% CP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.41 [-2.17, 2.98] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
18% CP paint-on gel vs 16.4% CP paint-on gel Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 2 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.70 [-2.21, 0.81] | 1 study · 93 participants | Very low |
16% CP gel in tray + ACP vs 16% CP gel in tray Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 6 months Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.78 [0.37, 1.19] | 1 study · 27 participants | Low |
6% HP strip vs 5% CP gel in tray + 5% KN Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 1 week Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.71 [-1.35, -0.07] | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
HP paint-on gel vs Placebo Adverse effects · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | HP group had more gum irritation (reddening) than placebo though mild; one case of tooth sensitivity (Collins 2004a) | 1 study | Ungraded |
5.9% HP strip vs 5.9% HP paint-on gel Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD 2.70 [2.08, 3.32] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
4% SHMP chewing gum vs Placebo Tooth whitening - assessed by the dentist · Adults (>=18 years) undergoing home-based bleaching (including tetracycline- and smoking-stained teeth, any baseline… · 12 weeks Home‐based chemically‐induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults (2018) · Cochrane | MD -0.14 [-0.38, 0.10] | 1 study · 108 participants | Very low |