Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

34 questions · 35 findings · 4 reviews · Incontinence

No studies found 17 · 48.6%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 14 · 40%Low 4 · 11.4%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery
1 finding from 1 review

Tricyclic antidepressants vs behavioural interventions

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs 3 step therapy (reassurance, retention control training + wakening, parental involvement) · children with nocturnal enuresis

Tricyclics may leads to higher number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of… compared with behavioural interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alarm plus other intervention vs other interventions

Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis

It is very uncertain whether alarm plus other intervention changes proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the… compared with other intervention (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy

Resolution of daytime urinary incontinence · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard… changes resolution of daytime urinary incontinence compared with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy

Objective measurement of volume of incontinent episodes · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy

Resource implications (e.g. cost of incontinence management methods) · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and standard urotherapy vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic biofeedback and standard urotherapy

Adverse effects · children aged 5 to 16 years with daytime urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review