Intraoperative bradycardia (yes/no) · adults undergoing surgery
Preventive opioids showed no clear difference in intraoperative bradycardia (yes/no) compared with postincision opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intraoperative hypotension (yes/no) · adults undergoing surgery
Preventive opioids showed no clear difference in intraoperative hypotension (yes/no) compared with postincision opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Acute postoperative pain 0 to 6 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Late acute postoperative pain (24‐48 hours postoperatively using a validated pain scale: 0, no pain to 10, maximum pain) · adults undergoing surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Acute postoperative pain 0 to 6 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Acute postoperative pain at 12 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Acute postoperative pain at 24 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · adults undergoing brain surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Analgesic Success · adults undergoing brain surgery
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Adverse effects: 1. Sedation · adults undergoing brain surgery
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Chronic Headache · adults undergoing brain surgery
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
54 participants
Very low
Length of critical care stay (hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Length of hospital stay · adults undergoing brain surgery
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse event nausea and vomiting (0 to 24 hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery
Pregabalin or Gabapentin may leads to lower adverse event nausea and vomiting (0 to 24 hours) compared with control or placebo medications (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery
Preoperative inspiratory muscle training may leads to lower postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery
Preoperative inspiratory muscle training probably leads to lower postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mechanical ventilation > 48 hours · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery
It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes mechanical ventilation > 48 hours compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality In the early postoperative period (≤ 30 days) · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery
It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes all‐cause mortality within 30 days during postoperative period compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery
1 finding from 1 review