Long‐acting beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in predose FEV1 (mL) compared with placebo (low certainty).
Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium probably leads to higher quality of life SGRQ responder analysis at 6 months compared with tiotropium alone (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium showed no clear difference in hospital admission (all cause) compared with tiotropium alone (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium showed no clear difference in hospital admission (exacerbation) compared with tiotropium alone (low certainty).
Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium showed no clear difference in mortality (all cause) compared with tiotropium alone (low certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 SAEs) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in quality of life as measured by SGRQ total score change from baseline… compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher trough FEV1 change from baseline compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… leads to lower pneumonia compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher all‐cause death compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Adults: higher dose/longer course showed no clear difference in re‐admission in compared with lower dose/shorter course (low certainty).
Adults: higher dose/longer course showed no clear difference in asthma symptoms Complete resolution by day 28 compared with lower dose/shorter course (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether adults: higher dose/longer course changes new exacerbation in compared with lower dose/shorter course (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether adults: higher dose/longer course changes all adverse events compared with lower dose/shorter course (very low certainty).