Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

140 questions · 146 findings · 5 reviews · Oral medicine and oral cancer

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No studies found 22 · 15.1%GRADE not reported 89 · 61%Very low 28 · 19.2%Low 5 · 3.4%Moderate 2 · 1.4%High 0 · 0%

Genetically predicted gene expression (TWAS; S-PrediXcan with GTEx v8 cis-eQTL across 49 tissues; cross-tissue S-MultiXcan) vs ECC-unaffected children (association of genetically predicted expression)

Early childhood caries (ECC) - association with genetically predicted expression of LINC02905 (C8orf49) (chr8p23.1) · Children up to age 5-6 years (European / European non-Hispanic ancestry); 843 ECC-affected vs 2124 unaffected across 5 cohorts (N=2974)

Genetically predicted LINC02905 (C8orf49) expression reached the TWAS threshold for ECC (p = 1.82e-8) but was flagged as a possible false positive (LD misspecification) and not further considered; ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review

Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies… 2022 All outcomes
Cross-sectional (ECC ascertained at the last dental exam before age 6) · Population/community child cohorts: rural Appalachia (West Virginia, Pennsylvania) and Iowa (USA) and South West England; European / European non-Hispanic ancestry only · LINC02905 (C8orf49) (chr8p23.1); 9 (3) tissues; significant (Bonferroni p < 3.09x10-6) ; flagged possible false positive
Z-score (cross-tissue mean, S-MultiXcan) -0.35
5 studies · 2974 participants
GRADE not reported

Common genetic variants genome-wide (GWAS; ~3.9 million SNPs with MAF > 5%) vs ECC-unaffected children (per-allele case-control association)

Early childhood caries (ECC) - association at lead SNP rs74470773 (3:33958083; nearest gene(s) PDCD6IP) · Children up to age 5-6 years (European / European non-Hispanic ancestry); 843 ECC-affected vs 2124 unaffected across 5 cohorts (N=2974)

The common variant rs74470773 near PDCD6IP showed suggestive (not genome-wide significant) association with ECC (Z = -4.589, p = 4.46e-6); genetic association, ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review

Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies… 2022 All outcomes
Cross-sectional (ECC ascertained at the last dental exam before age 6) · Population/community child cohorts: rural Appalachia (West Virginia, Pennsylvania) and Iowa (USA) and South West England; European / European non-Hispanic ancestry only · rs74470773 (3:33958083); effect/non-effect allele T/C; MAF 0.47; direction across 5 cohorts -----
Z-score (Stouffer's combined Z, 5 cohorts) -4.589
5 studies · 2974 participants
GRADE not reported

Genetically predicted gene expression (TWAS; S-PrediXcan with GTEx v8 cis-eQTL across 49 tissues; cross-tissue S-MultiXcan) vs ECC-unaffected children (association of genetically predicted expression)

Early childhood caries (ECC) - association with genetically predicted expression of CDH17 (chr8q22.1) · Children up to age 5-6 years (European / European non-Hispanic ancestry); 843 ECC-affected vs 2124 unaffected across 5 cohorts (N=2974)

Genetically predicted expression of CDH17 was significantly associated with ECC in the TWAS (p = 3.32e-8); genetic association, ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review

Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies… 2022 All outcomes
Cross-sectional (ECC ascertained at the last dental exam before age 6) · Population/community child cohorts: rural Appalachia (West Virginia, Pennsylvania) and Iowa (USA) and South West England; European / European non-Hispanic ancestry only · CDH17 (chr8q22.1); 23 (5) tissues; significant (Bonferroni p < 3.09x10-6)
Z-score (cross-tissue mean, S-MultiXcan) 1.74
5 studies · 2974 participants
GRADE not reported

Brush biopsy (oral cytology) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Sensitivity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Sensitivity 0.90 [0.82, 0.94]
20 studies
Moderate

Blood and saliva analysis (biomarker tests) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Outcome not reported · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
No eligible studies assessed the diagnostic test accuracy of blood and saliva analysis; potentially eligible biomarker studies were excluded as case-control designs.
0 studies
No studies found

Light-based detection and/or oral spectroscopy (e.g. ViziLite, VELscope, Microlux DL, Identafi 3000) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Specificity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Specificity 0.50 [0.32, 0.68]
23 studies
Very low

Vital staining (e.g. toluidine blue, tolonium chloride) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Specificity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Specificity 0.68 [0.58, 0.77]
20 studies
Very low

Vital staining (e.g. toluidine blue, tolonium chloride) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Sensitivity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Sensitivity 0.86 [0.79, 0.90]
20 studies
Low

Combined index tests (e.g. vital staining plus light-based detection or cytology) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Specificity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Specificity 0.71 [0.53, 0.84]
9 studies
Very low

Brush biopsy (oral cytology) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Specificity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Specificity 0.94 [0.88, 0.97]
20 studies
Moderate

Combined index tests (e.g. vital staining plus light-based detection or cytology) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Sensitivity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Sensitivity 0.78 [0.45, 0.94]
9 studies
Very low

Light-based detection and/or oral spectroscopy (e.g. ViziLite, VELscope, Microlux DL, Identafi 3000) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Sensitivity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Sensitivity 0.87 [0.78, 0.93]
23 studies
Low

0.1% chlorine dioxide mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

0.1% chlorine dioxide mouthwash may leads to lower dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo mouthwash (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 3 weeks
MD -0.61 [-0.73, -0.49]
1 study · 47 participants
Low

Mechanical tongue cleaning (tongue scraper) vs No tongue cleaning

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 2 weeks
Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
0 studies
No studies found

Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 tablets vs placebo (3 tablets/4 times a day

OLT and VSC scores · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Suzuki 2014 (cross-over RCT) compared Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 tablets versus placebo tablets (OLT and VSC by gas chromatography). The trial did not give usable data and we could not extract data from the graph.
1 study
GRADE not reported

0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum vs 0.4% eucalyptus chewing gum

It is very uncertain whether 0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with 0.4% eucalyptus chewing gum (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 4 weeks
MD -0.1 [-0.37, 0.17]
1 study · 64 participants
Very low

Mechanical tongue cleaning (tongue scraper) vs No tongue cleaning

Patient-reported OLT score · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 2 weeks
Patient-reported OLT score assessed with patient's perception: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score.
0 studies
No studies found

Green tea mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Green tea mouthwash showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
28 days
MD -57.39 [-184.63, 69.85]
1 study · 60 participants
GRADE not reported

Triclosan/copolymer-containing fluoride toothpaste vs Sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste

Patient-reported OLT score · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 1 week
Patient-reported OLT score: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score.
0 studies
No studies found

Hinokitiol gel vs Placebo gel

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 4 weeks
Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
0 studies
No studies found