Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,667 questions · 21,760 findings · 2,177 reviews

No studies found 4,173 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 2,300 · 10.6%Very low 5,276 · 24.2%Low 5,764 · 26.5%Moderate 3,298 · 15.2%High 949 · 4.4%

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Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least 1 event · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics may leads to lower number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least 3 events · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics probably leads to lower number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Incidence of acute URTIs during the study period (the number of acute URTIs over a period of time) · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics may leads to lower incidence rate of acute URTIs compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were absent from childcare centre, school, or work due to acute URTIs · children, adults, and the elderly

It is very uncertain whether intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics changes number of participants who were absent from childcare centre,… compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs high 17ß‐oestradiol dose

Uterine volume (cm³) · young women with Turner syndrome who have completed pubertal induction
2 findings from 1 review

Heparin vs normal saline solution locking

Occlusion of CVC (combining participant and catheter as unit of analysis) Blood withdrawing · adults with CVCs

Heparin may leads to lower occlusion of CVC (combining participant, and catheter as unit of… compared with normal saline solution locking (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review