Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,721 questions · 19,640 findings · 2,039 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 3,754 · 19.1%GRADE not reported 1,273 · 6.5%Very low 4,859 · 24.7%Low 5,568 · 28.4%Moderate 3,240 · 16.5%High 946 · 4.8%

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Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least 1 event · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics may leads to lower number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least 3 events · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics probably leads to lower number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Incidence of acute URTIs during the study period (the number of acute URTIs over a period of time) · children, adults, and the elderly

Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics may leads to lower incidence rate of acute URTIs compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of participants who were absent from childcare centre, school, or work due to acute URTIs · children, adults, and the elderly

It is very uncertain whether intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics changes number of participants who were absent from childcare centre,… compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs high 17ß‐oestradiol dose

Uterine volume (cm³) · young women with Turner syndrome who have completed pubertal induction
2 findings from 1 review