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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,886 questions in 74 reviews · Skin
current versionsNo studies 542 · 28.7%Ungraded 130 · 6.9%Very low 326 · 17.3%Low 434 · 23%Moderate 348 · 18.5%High 106 · 5.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Topical ketanserin (2%) vs clioquinol cream (3%) or zinc paste Primary outcome: prevention of ulcers · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical ketanserin (2%) vs clioquinol cream (3%) or zinc paste Primary outcome: healing of ulcers (healing of ulcer at 3 months) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 6 [1.45, 24.75] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Topical ketanserin (2%) vs clioquinol cream (3%) or zinc paste Primary outcome: adverse events (assessed at 3 months as minimum, moderate or severe) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Topical ketanserin (2%) vs clioquinol cream (3%) or zinc paste Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical ketanserin (2%) vs clioquinol cream (3%) or zinc paste Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical ketanserin (2%) vs clioquinol cream (3%) or zinc paste Secondary outcome: cost of intervention · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical phenytoin vs saline dressing Primary outcome: prevention of ulcers · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical phenytoin vs saline dressing Primary outcome: healing of ulcers (mean percentage of ulcer volume reduction at 4 weeks (Bansal 1993)) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Topical phenytoin vs saline dressing Primary outcome: healing of ulcers (mean percentage reduction of ulcer size area at 4 weeks (Bhatia 2004)) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Topical phenytoin vs saline dressing Primary outcome: adverse events (up to 4 weeks) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 123 participants | Very low |
Zinc tape vs magnesium sulphate glycerin Primary outcome: healing of ulcers (mean ulcer area (mm3) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Topical phenytoin vs saline dressing Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical phenytoin vs saline dressing Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical phenytoin vs saline dressing Secondary outcome: cost of intervention · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Footwear ‐ canvas shoes vs PVC boots Primary outcome: prevention of ulcer (number of persons developing new ulcers at 1 year) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Footwear ‐ canvas shoes vs PVC boots Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (number of persons being ulcer‐free at 1 year) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.77, 1.74] | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Footwear ‐ canvas shoes vs PVC boots Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (number of persons having ulcers not healed at 1 year) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.15, 1.75] | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Footwear ‐ canvas shoes vs PVC boots Primary outcome: adverse events · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Footwear ‐ canvas shoes vs PVC boots Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Footwear ‐ canvas shoes vs PVC boots Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Moderate |
Footwear ‐ canvas shoes vs PVC boots Secondary outcome: costs · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Ungraded |
Zinc tape vs magnesium sulphate glycerin Priimary outcome: adverse events · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Padded moulded double‐rocker plaster shoe vs padded below‐knee plaster Primary outcome: prevention of ulcer · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Padded moulded double‐rocker plaster shoe vs padded below‐knee plaster Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (ulcers fully or nearly healed at 6 weeks) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.77, 1.19] | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Padded moulded double‐rocker plaster shoe vs padded below‐knee plaster Primary outcome: adverse events · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Padded moulded double‐rocker plaster shoe vs padded below‐knee plaster Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Padded moulded double‐rocker plaster shoe vs padded below‐knee plaster Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Padded moulded double‐rocker plaster shoe vs padded below‐knee plaster Secondary outcome: costs of intervention · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 55 participants | Very low |
Exposure to pulsed magnetic fields (in addition to self‐care and protective footwear) vs self‐care and footwear Primary outcome: prevention of ulcer · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exposure to pulsed magnetic fields (in addition to self‐care and protective footwear) vs self‐care and footwear Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (at 4 to 5 weeks) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Exposure to pulsed magnetic fields (in addition to self‐care and protective footwear) vs self‐care and footwear Primary outcome 2 (healing of ulcer): Mean volume of ulcers at four to five weeks · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Exposure to pulsed magnetic fields (in addition to self‐care and protective footwear) vs self‐care and footwear Primary outcome 3 (adverse events) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc tape vs magnesium sulphate glycerin Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exposure to pulsed magnetic fields (in addition to self‐care and protective footwear) vs self‐care and footwear Secondary outcome 1 (quality of life) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exposure to pulsed magnetic fields (in addition to self‐care and protective footwear) vs self‐care and footwear Secondary outcome 2 (acceptability of treatment) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Exposure to pulsed magnetic fields (in addition to self‐care and protective footwear) vs self‐care and footwear Secondary outcome 3 (cost of intervention) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Low‐level laser therapy vs simple dressing Primary outcome: prevention of ulcer · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐level laser therapy vs simple dressing Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (size of ulcer (area) at 12 weeks (cm2)) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Low‐level laser therapy vs simple dressing Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (size of ulcer (depth) at 12 weeks (mm)) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Low‐level laser therapy vs simple dressing Primary outcome: adverse effects · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐level laser therapy vs simple dressing Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐level laser therapy vs simple dressing Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low‐level laser therapy vs simple dressing Secondary outcome: costs · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Zinc tape vs magnesium sulphate glycerin Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intralesional pentoxifylline vs daily simple dressing Primary outcome: prevention of ulcer · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intralesional pentoxifylline vs daily simple dressing Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (complete healing of ulcer at 4 weeks) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | OR 9 [1.64, 49.45] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Intralesional pentoxifylline vs daily simple dressing Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (ulcer depth (cm) at 4 weeks) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Intralesional pentoxifylline vs daily simple dressing Primary outcome: adverse events (at 4 weeks) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Intralesional pentoxifylline vs daily simple dressing Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intralesional pentoxifylline vs daily simple dressing Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |