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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,288 questions · 3,354 findings · 516 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 720 · 21.5%GRADE not reported 164 · 4.9%Very low 950 · 28.3%Low 932 · 27.8%Moderate 434 · 12.9%High 154 · 4.6%

Electrical stimulation vs sham

Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes cure: number of women with self‐reported continence compared with sham treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation vs sham

Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence

Electrical stimulation may leads to higher improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI… compared with sham treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence compared with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence compared with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review