Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,710 questions · 14,842 findings · 1,394 reviews

No studies found 2,880 · 19.4%GRADE not reported 1,413 · 9.5%Very low 3,103 · 20.9%Low 3,870 · 26.1%Moderate 2,663 · 17.9%High 913 · 6.2%

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Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events: malignancy · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ malignancy at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

End‐stage renal disease · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Immunosuppressive treatment probably leads to lower end‐stage kidney disease at final compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

End‐stage renal disease · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes end‐stage kidney disease at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Total remission (complete or partial) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids showed no clear difference in total remission at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Complete remission · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids showed no clear difference in complete remission at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Relapse · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes recurrence of disease (relapse) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

100% increase in SCr at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes 100% increase in SCr at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent… compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Adverse events ‐ infection at 36 months · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ infection at 36 months compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Adverse events ‐ malignancy at 36 months · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ malignancy at 36 months compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

Total remission (complete or partial) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Immunosuppressive treatment probably leads to higher total remission (complete or partial) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

Complete remission · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Immunosuppressive treatment probably leads to higher complete remission at final compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

Relapse · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Immunosuppressive treatment may leads to higher recurrence of disease (relapse) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

100% increase in SCr at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Immunosuppressive treatment probably leads to lower 100% increase in serum creatinine at final compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Immunosuppressive treatment probably leads to higher adverse events: temporary/permanent discontinuation or… compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

Adverse events: infection at 3 years · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether immunosuppressive treatment changes adverse events: infection at 3 years compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

Adverse events: malignancy · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether immunosuppressive treatment changes adverse events: malignancy at final compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo

Proportion of participants with improved functional class mean duration of study 16.8 weeks · pulmonary arterial hypertension

Endothelin receptor antagonists probably leads to higher proportion of participants with improved functional class mean… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review