Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,886 questions in 74 reviews · Skin
current versionsNo studies 542 · 28.7%Ungraded 130 · 6.9%Very low 326 · 17.3%Low 434 · 23%Moderate 348 · 18.5%High 106 · 5.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Erythromycin vs no treatment Proportion of participants achieving clear or almost clear skin (PASI 90 to 100 or PGA 0 to 1) · guttate psoriasis Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythromycin vs no treatment Proportion of participants achieving PASI 75 or PGA 1 to 2 · guttate psoriasis Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dietary intervention vs usual care Severity of psoriasis PASI 75 (the proportion of participants achieving at least 75% improvement from baseline in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) · people with psoriasis Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.66 [1.07, 2.58] | 2 studies · 323 participants | Low |
Dietary intervention and exercise programme vs information only Reduction in comorbidities Change in BMI (lower BMI is beneficial) · people with psoriasis Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 303 participants | Moderate |
Dietary intervention vs usual care Adherence to the intervention · people with psoriasis Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.76, 2.09] | 2 studies · 105 participants | Low |
Dietary intervention vs usual care Quality of life Change in DLQI (scale from 0 to 30; lower DLQI scores represent improvement in quality of life) · people with psoriasis Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Moderate |
Dietary intervention vs usual care Time to relapse Not measured · people with psoriasis Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dietary intervention vs usual care Reduction in comorbidities Change in BMI (lower BMI is beneficial) · people with psoriasis Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 78 participants | Moderate |
Dietary intervention and exercise programme vs information only Severity of psoriasis PASI 75 (the proportion of participants achieving at least 75% improvement from baseline in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) · people with psoriasis Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.83, 1.98] | 1 study · 303 participants | Moderate |
Dietary intervention and exercise programme vs information only Adherence to the intervention · people with psoriasis Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.89, 1.01] | 1 study · 303 participants | Moderate |
Dietary intervention and exercise programme vs information only Quality of life Not measured · people with psoriasis Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dietary intervention and exercise programme vs information only Time to relapse Not measured · people with psoriasis Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/d vs placebo (18‐month intervention) Primary outcome 1. Mean change in patient‐assessed symptoms Pruritus was assessed once as part of SCORAD · children with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cetirizine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 3. Number of eczema flares, measured by, for example, ‘escalation of treatment’ or ‘use of topical anti‐inflammatory medications’ · adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 84 participants | Low |
Fexofenadine 120 mg/d vs placebo (1‐week intervention) Primary outcome 1. Mean change in patient‐assessed symptoms This outcome was measured as the mean change in patient‐assessed pruritus (range 0 to 8) between baseline and the night of day 6 · adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 400 participants | Moderate |
Fexofenadine 120 mg/d vs placebo (1‐week intervention) Primary outcome 2. Proportion of participants reporting adverse effects and serious adverse events throughout the study period · adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.74, 1.5] | 1 study · 411 participants | Moderate |
Fexofenadine 120 mg/d vs placebo (1‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 1. Mean change in physician‐assessed clinical signs This outcome was assessed as investigator‐assessed change in the ratio of pruritus area to body surface area · adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Moderate |
Fexofenadine 120 mg/d vs placebo (1‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 2. Mean change in quality of life · adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fexofenadine 120 mg/d vs placebo (1‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 3. Number of eczema flares, measured by, for example, ‘escalation of treatment’ or ‘use of topical anti‐inflammatory medications’ Amount of 0.1% hydrocortisone butyrate cream used during the study · adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Moderate |
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention) Primary outcome 1. Mean change in patient‐assessed symptoms Reduction in pruritus on 100‐mm VAS from baseline · male and female adults aged 15 years and older with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention) Primary outcome 2. Proportion of participants reporting adverse effects and serious adverse events throughout the study period · male and female adults aged 15 years and older with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.01, 5.76] | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 1. Mean change in physician‐assessed clinical signs SCORAD · male and female adults aged 15 years and older with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 2. Mean change in quality of life · male and female adults aged 15 years and older with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/d vs placebo (18‐month intervention) Primary outcome 2. Proportion of participants reporting adverse effects and serious adverse events throughout the study period · children with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.46, 1.01] | 1 study · 795 participants | Moderate |
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 3. Number of eczema flares, measured by, for example, ‘escalation of treatment’ or ‘use of topical anti‐inflammatory medications’ · male and female adults aged 15 years and older with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (2‐week intervention) Primary outcome 1. Mean change in patient‐assessed symptoms VAS pruritus 10 cm · male and female adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Low |
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (2‐week intervention) Primary outcome 2. Proportion of participants reporting adverse effects and serious adverse events throughout the study period · male and female adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Ungraded |
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (2‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 1. Physician‐assessed clinical signs Number for whom treatment success was judged as good or very good · male and female adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.04 [0.99, 4.2] | 1 study · 73 participants | Low |
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (2‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 2. Mean change in quality of life · male and female adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (2‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 3. Number of eczema flares, measured by, for example, ‘escalation of treatment’ or ‘use of topical anti‐inflammatory medications’ · male and female adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/d vs placebo (18‐month intervention) Secondary outcome 1. Mean change in physician‐assessed clinical signs Measured by SCORAD · children with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 795 participants | Moderate |
Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/d vs placebo (18‐month intervention) Secondary outcome 2. Mean change in quality of life · children with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/d vs placebo (18‐month intervention) Secondary outcome 3. Number of eczema flares, measured by, for example, ‘escalation of treatment’ or ‘use of topical anti‐inflammatory medications’ · children with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 795 participants | Moderate |
Cetirizine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention) Primary outcome 1. Mean change in patient‐assessed symptoms Pruritus was assessed once as part of SCORAD and once by patient case report form (CRF) · adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 84 participants | Low |
Cetirizine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention) Primary outcome 2. Proportion of participants reporting adverse effects and serious adverse events throughout the study period · adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.5, 2.45] | 1 study · 84 participants | Low |
Cetirizine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 1. Mean change in physician‐assessed clinical signs Total sum of 4 symptoms (signs) scores, each measured on 4‐point Likert scale (0 = absent; 3 = severe) · adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 84 participants | Low |
Cetirizine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention) Secondary outcome 2. Mean change in quality of life · adults with eczema Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc tape vs magnesium sulphate glycerin Primary outcome: prevention of ulcers · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc tape vs povidone iodine (10%) Primary outcome: adverse events · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C Secondary outome: cost of intervention · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc tape vs povidone iodine (10%) Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc tape vs povidone iodine (10%) Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc tape vs povidone iodine (10%) Secondary outcome: costs · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked Primary outcome: prevention of ulcers · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (days) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked Primary outcome: adverse events (skin sensitisation at 2 months) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked Secondary outcome: costs · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Zinc tape vs magnesium sulphate glycerin Primary outcome: healing of ulcers (number of ulcers healed after 1 month) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.43, 9.21] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |