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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

1,886 questions in 74 reviews · Skin

current versions
No studies 542 · 28.7%Ungraded 130 · 6.9%Very low 326 · 17.3%Low 434 · 23%Moderate 348 · 18.5%High 106 · 5.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Erythromycin vs no treatment
Proportion of participants achieving clear or almost clear skin (PASI 90 to 100 or PGA 0 to 1) · guttate psoriasis
Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Erythromycin vs no treatment
Proportion of participants achieving PASI 75 or PGA 1 to 2 · guttate psoriasis
Antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Dietary intervention vs usual care
Severity of psoriasis PASI 75 (the proportion of participants achieving at least 75% improvement from baseline in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) · people with psoriasis
Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.66 [1.07, 2.58]2 studies · 323 participantsLow
Dietary intervention and exercise programme vs information only
Reduction in comorbidities Change in BMI (lower BMI is beneficial) · people with psoriasis
Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 303 participantsModerate
Dietary intervention vs usual care
Adherence to the intervention · people with psoriasis
Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.26 [0.76, 2.09]2 studies · 105 participantsLow
Dietary intervention vs usual care
Quality of life Change in DLQI (scale from 0 to 30; lower DLQI scores represent improvement in quality of life) · people with psoriasis
Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 36 participantsModerate
Dietary intervention vs usual care
Time to relapse Not measured · people with psoriasis
Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Dietary intervention vs usual care
Reduction in comorbidities Change in BMI (lower BMI is beneficial) · people with psoriasis
Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 78 participantsModerate
Dietary intervention and exercise programme vs information only
Severity of psoriasis PASI 75 (the proportion of participants achieving at least 75% improvement from baseline in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) · people with psoriasis
Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.28 [0.83, 1.98]1 study · 303 participantsModerate
Dietary intervention and exercise programme vs information only
Adherence to the intervention · people with psoriasis
Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.95 [0.89, 1.01]1 study · 303 participantsModerate
Dietary intervention and exercise programme vs information only
Quality of life Not measured · people with psoriasis
Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Dietary intervention and exercise programme vs information only
Time to relapse Not measured · people with psoriasis
Lifestyle changes for treating psoriasis (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/d vs placebo (18‐month intervention)
Primary outcome 1. Mean change in patient‐assessed symptoms Pruritus was assessed once as part of SCORAD · children with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Cetirizine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 3. Number of eczema flares, measured by, for example, ‘escalation of treatment’ or ‘use of topical anti‐inflammatory medications’ · adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 84 participantsLow
Fexofenadine 120 mg/d vs placebo (1‐week intervention)
Primary outcome 1. Mean change in patient‐assessed symptoms This outcome was measured as the mean change in patient‐assessed pruritus (range 0 to 8) between baseline and the night of day 6 · adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 400 participantsModerate
Fexofenadine 120 mg/d vs placebo (1‐week intervention)
Primary outcome 2. Proportion of participants reporting adverse effects and serious adverse events throughout the study period · adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.05 [0.74, 1.5]1 study · 411 participantsModerate
Fexofenadine 120 mg/d vs placebo (1‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 1. Mean change in physician‐assessed clinical signs This outcome was assessed as investigator‐assessed change in the ratio of pruritus area to body surface area · adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 1 participantsModerate
Fexofenadine 120 mg/d vs placebo (1‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 2. Mean change in quality of life · adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Fexofenadine 120 mg/d vs placebo (1‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 3. Number of eczema flares, measured by, for example, ‘escalation of treatment’ or ‘use of topical anti‐inflammatory medications’ Amount of 0.1% hydrocortisone butyrate cream used during the study · adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 1 participantsModerate
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention)
Primary outcome 1. Mean change in patient‐assessed symptoms Reduction in pruritus on 100‐mm VAS from baseline · male and female adults aged 15 years and older with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 28 participantsLow
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention)
Primary outcome 2. Proportion of participants reporting adverse effects and serious adverse events throughout the study period · male and female adults aged 15 years and older with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.25 [0.01, 5.76]1 study · 28 participantsLow
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 1. Mean change in physician‐assessed clinical signs SCORAD · male and female adults aged 15 years and older with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 28 participantsLow
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 2. Mean change in quality of life · male and female adults aged 15 years and older with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/d vs placebo (18‐month intervention)
Primary outcome 2. Proportion of participants reporting adverse effects and serious adverse events throughout the study period · children with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
RR 0.68 [0.46, 1.01]1 study · 795 participantsModerate
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 3. Number of eczema flares, measured by, for example, ‘escalation of treatment’ or ‘use of topical anti‐inflammatory medications’ · male and female adults aged 15 years and older with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (2‐week intervention)
Primary outcome 1. Mean change in patient‐assessed symptoms VAS pruritus 10 cm · male and female adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 71 participantsLow
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (2‐week intervention)
Primary outcome 2. Proportion of participants reporting adverse effects and serious adverse events throughout the study period · male and female adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 73 participantsUngraded
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (2‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 1. Physician‐assessed clinical signs Number for whom treatment success was judged as good or very good · male and female adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
RR 2.04 [0.99, 4.2]1 study · 73 participantsLow
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (2‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 2. Mean change in quality of life · male and female adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Loratadine 10 mg/d vs placebo (2‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 3. Number of eczema flares, measured by, for example, ‘escalation of treatment’ or ‘use of topical anti‐inflammatory medications’ · male and female adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/d vs placebo (18‐month intervention)
Secondary outcome 1. Mean change in physician‐assessed clinical signs Measured by SCORAD · children with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 795 participantsModerate
Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/d vs placebo (18‐month intervention)
Secondary outcome 2. Mean change in quality of life · children with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg/d vs placebo (18‐month intervention)
Secondary outcome 3. Number of eczema flares, measured by, for example, ‘escalation of treatment’ or ‘use of topical anti‐inflammatory medications’ · children with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 795 participantsModerate
Cetirizine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention)
Primary outcome 1. Mean change in patient‐assessed symptoms Pruritus was assessed once as part of SCORAD and once by patient case report form (CRF) · adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 84 participantsLow
Cetirizine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention)
Primary outcome 2. Proportion of participants reporting adverse effects and serious adverse events throughout the study period · adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
RR 1.11 [0.5, 2.45]1 study · 84 participantsLow
Cetirizine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 1. Mean change in physician‐assessed clinical signs Total sum of 4 symptoms (signs) scores, each measured on 4‐point Likert scale (0 = absent; 3 = severe) · adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 84 participantsLow
Cetirizine 10 mg/d vs placebo (4‐week intervention)
Secondary outcome 2. Mean change in quality of life · adults with eczema
Oral H1 antihistamines as ‘add‐on’ therapy to topical treatment for eczema (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Zinc tape vs magnesium sulphate glycerin
Primary outcome: prevention of ulcers · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Zinc tape vs povidone iodine (10%)
Primary outcome: adverse events · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C
Secondary outome: cost of intervention · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Zinc tape vs povidone iodine (10%)
Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Zinc tape vs povidone iodine (10%)
Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Zinc tape vs povidone iodine (10%)
Secondary outcome: costs · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked
Primary outcome: prevention of ulcers · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked
Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (days) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 90 participantsVery low
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked
Primary outcome: adverse events (skin sensitisation at 2 months) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 90 participantsVery low
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked
Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked
Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 90 participantsVery low
Adhesive zinc tape vs gauze soaked
Secondary outcome: costs · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Zinc tape vs magnesium sulphate glycerin
Primary outcome: healing of ulcers (number of ulcers healed after 1 month) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
RR 2 [0.43, 9.21]1 study · 28 participantsVery low