At least 30% reduction in pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain
Strong opioids probably leads to higher at least 30% of pain relief or moderate relief compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
At least 50% reduction in pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes at least 50% of pain relief compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Somnolence · adults with chronic low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes side effects ‐ Somnolence compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Nausea · adults with chronic low‐back pain
Strong opioids showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ Nausea compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Constipation · adults with chronic low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes side effects ‐ Constipation compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Overall Pain ‐ 1 to 2 weeks (adequate allocation concealment, and blinding) visual analogue scale; 1 to 9 points (higher indicates worse pain) · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Functional status at 3 to 6 months Oswestry Disability Index. Scale from: 0 (no dysfunction) to 100 (worse function) · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Recovery at one week · Patients with acute low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention changes recovery at one week compared with the intervention alone (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Recovery at 3 to 6 months · Patients with acute low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether spinal manipulative therapy plus another intervention changes recovery at 3 to 6 months compared with the intervention alone (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Serious adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Pain at 3 to 6 months Scale from: 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain) · Patients with acute low‐back pain
2 findings from 1 review
Disability (Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire) Scale from: 0 to 23; 0 is no disability. · Patients with acute low‐back pain
2 findings from 1 review
Recovery at one week · Patients with acute low‐back pain
Spinal manipulative therapy showed no clear difference in recovery at one week compared with inert interventions (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Serious adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Reduction in pain intensity · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Reduction in pain intensity · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Functional status at one month Oswestry Disability Index. Scale from: 0 (no dysfunction) to 100 (worse function) · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Recovery at one month · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Serious adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Disability (Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire) Scale from: 0 to 23; 0 is no disability. · Patients with acute low‐back pain
2 findings from 1 review