Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

628 questions · 671 findings · 31 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care

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No studies found 215 · 32%GRADE not reported 29 · 4.3%Very low 156 · 23.2%Low 165 · 24.6%Moderate 69 · 10.3%High 37 · 5.5%

Home visit vs usual care

Adverse events · children under 5 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Proportion of children who received DTP3 or Penta 3 by 1 year of age · children under 5 years of age

It is very uncertain whether immunisation outreach changes proportion of children who received DTP3/Penta 3 by 1 year of age compared with routine care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [1.11, 1.56]
1 study · 541 participants
Very low

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Proportion of children who received all recommended vaccines by 25 years of age · children under 5 years of age

It is very uncertain whether immunisation outreach changes proportion of children who received all recommended vaccines by 25… compared with routine care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.33 [1, 1.76]
1 study · 309 participants
Very low

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (BCG) · children under 5 years of age

It is very uncertain whether immunisation outreach changes proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (BCG) compared with routine care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.99, 1.13]
1 study · 647 participants
Very low

Health education vs usual care

Received at least one vaccine · children under 5 years of age

Health education probably leads to higher received at least one vaccine compared with routine care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.58 [1.21, 2.05]
1 study · 228 participants
Moderate

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (HBV3) · children under 5 years of age

It is very uncertain whether immunisation outreach changes proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (HBV3) compared with routine care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.36 [1.13, 1.64]
1 study · 541 participants
Very low

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (OPV3) · children under 5 years of age

It is very uncertain whether immunisation outreach changes proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (OPV3) compared with routine care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.38 [1.16, 1.65]
1 study · 541 participants
Very low

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (measles) · children under 5 years of age

It is very uncertain whether immunisation outreach changes proportion of children who received measles vaccine compared with routine care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.26 [0.91, 1.74]
1 study · 647 participants
Very low

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Fully immunised children ( · children under 5 years of age

Immunisation outreach probably leads to higher proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all… compared with routine care (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.09 [2.11, 4.53]
1 study · 1239 participants
Moderate
Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.28 [1.23, 1.33]
1 study · 49444 participants
Moderate

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Fully immunised ‐ regular immunisation outreach + non‐monetary incentive ( · children under 5 years of age

Immunisation outreach probably leads to higher proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all… compared with routine care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 6.66 [4.78, 9.28]
1 study · 1242 participants
Moderate

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Occurrence of vaccine‐preventable diseases · children under 5 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Cost of the intervention · children under 5 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Immunisation outreach vs usual care

Adverse events · children under 5 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

Proportion of children who received DTP3 or Penta 3 by 1 year of age · children under 5 years of age

Integration of immunisation with other health services may leads to higher proportion of children who received DTP3/Penta 3 by 1 year of age compared with routine care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.27 [1.17, 1.38]
1 study · 2192 participants
Low

Health education vs usual care

Proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all scheduled vaccines · children under 5 years of age

Health education may leads to higher proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all… compared with routine care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.24 [1.06, 1.44]
3 studies · 2387 participants
Low

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

Proportion of children who received all recommended vaccines by 2 years of age · children under 5 years of age

Integration of immunisation with other health services may leads to higher proportion of children who received all recommended vaccines by 2… compared with routine care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.29 [1.16, 1.44]
1 study · 1700 participants
Low

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (BCG) · children under 5 years of age

Integration of immunisation with other health services showed no clear difference in proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (BCG) compared with routine care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.93, 1.01]
1 study · 2089 participants
Low

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (yellow fever) · children under 5 years of age

Integration of immunisation with other health services may leads to higher proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (yellow… compared with routine care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [1.04, 1.22]
1 study · 1383 participants
Low

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (measles) · children under 5 years of age

Integration of immunisation with other health services may leads to higher proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (measles) compared with routine care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [1.04, 1.22]
1 study · 1370 participants
Low

Integration of immunisation with other health services vs usual care

Proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all scheduled vaccines · children under 5 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found