What do systematic reviews say?

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid vs oral corticosteroid

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid probably leads to higher adverse drug effect ‐ hyperglycaemia compared with oral corticosteroid (moderate certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 4.89 [1.2, 19.94]
  1 study · 40 participants
  Moderate

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid vs oral corticosteroid

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 38 participants
  Low

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Systemic corticosteroid showed no clear difference in relapse Treatment for AE of COPD or hospital re‐admission compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.77 [0.51, 1.17]
  5 studies · 596 participants
  Moderate

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 649 participants
  High

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 178 participants
  Moderate

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Systemic corticosteroid leads to higher adverse drug effect compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.33 [1.59, 3.43]
  8 studies · 736 participants
  High

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Systemic corticosteroid leads to higher hyperglycaemia compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.79 [1.86, 4.19]
  6 studies · 804 participants
  High

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid vs oral corticosteroid

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid showed no clear difference in treatment failure Need to intensify therapy compared with oral corticosteroid (moderate certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.67 [0.34, 1.3]
  3 studies · 298 participants
  Moderate

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid vs oral corticosteroid

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid showed no clear difference in relapse Hospital readmission for COPD compared with oral corticosteroid (moderate certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.95 [0.5, 1.8]
  3 studies · 298 participants
  Moderate

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid vs oral corticosteroid

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 75 participants
  Low

PEEP vs zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) during mechanical ventilation

It is very uncertain whether PEEP changes postoperative mortality compared with zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) during mechanical ventilation (very low certainty).

• Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97
  6 studies · 268 participants
  Very low

PEEP vs zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) during mechanical ventilation

• Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 80 participants
  Very low

PEEP vs zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) during mechanical ventilation

• Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 80 participants
  Very low

PEEP vs zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) during mechanical ventilation

It is very uncertain whether PEEP changes pneumonia compared with zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) during mechanical ventilation (very low certainty).

• Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.4
  3 studies · 120 participants
  Very low

PEEP vs zero end‐expiratory pressure (ZEEP) during mechanical ventilation

• Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anaesthesia for prevention of mortality and postoperative pulmonary… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 88 participants
  Very low

Information and application support vs no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Information and application support vs no intervention

Information and application support probably leads to higher enrolment compared with no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.68 [1.44, 1.96]
  1 study · 257 participants
  Moderate

Information and application support vs no intervention

Information and application support probably leads to higher continuous enrolment compared with no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.59 [1.95, 3.44]
  1 study · 257 participants
  Moderate

Information and application support vs no intervention

• Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 200 participants
  Low

Information and application support vs no intervention

• Strategies for expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable populations 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 173 participants
  Low