Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,584 questions · 3,695 findings · 567 reviews

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No studies found 784 · 21.2%GRADE not reported 308 · 8.3%Very low 1,036 · 28%Low 971 · 26.3%Moderate 440 · 11.9%High 156 · 4.2%

Intervention not reported

Change in hospital admission rates · adults or children of all ethnicities

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Means restriction for the prevention of suicide by jumping 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Cost‐effectiveness of interventions · adults or children of all ethnicities

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Means restriction for the prevention of suicide by jumping 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Suicide (Observation period ‐ pre‐intervention: 89 years; postintervention 78.5 years) · adults or children of all ethnicities

The intervention may leads to lower suicide (Observation period ‐ pre‐intervention: 89 years;… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Means restriction for the prevention of suicide by jumping 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
IRR 0.05
9 studies · 9 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Attempted suicide · adults or children of all ethnicities

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Means restriction for the prevention of suicide by jumping 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Study withdrawal · adults or children of all ethnicities

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Means restriction for the prevention of suicide by jumping 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Change in hospital admission rates · adults or children of all ethnicities

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Means restriction for the prevention of suicide by jumping 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotic prophylaxis vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only

Number of participants with symptomatic UTI · primary VUR

Antibiotic prophylaxis showed no clear difference in symptomatic UTI by 1 to 2 years: antibiotics versus no prophylaxis compared with surveillance or no treatment (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.77 [0.54, 1.09]
9 studies · 1667 participants
Low
Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.4, 1.79]
3 studies · 943 participants
Moderate

Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone

New renal parenchymal defects (scars and thinning) on IVP: unit of analysis (children) at 4 to 5 years: surgical correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone · primary VUR

Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics showed no clear difference in new renal parenchymal defects (scars and thinning) on IVP: unit of… compared with antibiotics alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.09 [0.79, 1.49]
4 studies · 572 participants
Moderate

Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone

ESKD · primary VUR

It is very uncertain whether surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics changes ESKD compared with antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.23, 5.04]
2 studies · 154 participants
Very low

Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone

Hypertension · primary VUR

It is very uncertain whether surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics changes hypertension compared with antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.25, 3.42]
2 studies · 154 participants
Very low

Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone

Correction of VUR: unit of analysis (children) after 3 years: surgical correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone · primary VUR

It is very uncertain whether surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics changes correction of VUR: unit of analysis (children) after 3 years:… compared with antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.29 [0.55, 3.05]
1 study · 55 participants
Very low

Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone

Number of UTI with microbial resistance (resistant organisms) · primary VUR

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone

Number of participants with symptomatic UTI · primary VUR

Endoscopic injection treatment showed no clear difference in all symptomatic UTI by 1 to 2 years: endoscopic correction +… compared with antibiotics alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.8 [0.37, 1.75]
3 studies · 254 participants
Low

Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone

Febrile UTI by 1 to 2 years: endoscopic correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone · primary VUR

Endoscopic injection treatment showed no clear difference in febrile UTI by 1 to 2 years: endoscopic correction + antibiotics… compared with antibiotics alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.74 [0.31, 1.78]
3 studies · 254 participants
Low

Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone

Repeat positive urine culture · primary VUR

It is very uncertain whether endoscopic injection treatment changes repeat positive urine culture by 1 year compared with antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 7.15 [0.42, 121.04]
1 study · 60 participants
Very low

Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone

Total new and progressive Renal parenchymal abnormalities on DMSA scan at 1 to 2 years: endoscopic correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone (unit of analysis: children) · primary VUR

Endoscopic injection treatment showed no clear difference in total new and progressive Renal parenchymal abnormalities on DMSA… compared with antibiotics alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.2 [0.36, 3.96]
2 studies · 208 participants
Low

Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone

Resolution of VUR · primary VUR

Endoscopic injection treatment may leads to higher resolution of VUR (grade 0) for endoscopic correction + antibiotics… compared with antibiotics alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.69 [1.57, 4.63]
2 studies · 164 participants
Low

Antibiotic prophylaxis vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only

Febrile UTI by 1 to 2 years: antibiotics versus no prophylaxis · primary VUR

Antibiotic prophylaxis showed no clear difference in febrile UTI by 1 to 2 years: antibiotics versus no prophylaxis compared with surveillance or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.56, 1.21]
9 studies · 1667 participants
Low

Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone

Microbial resistance to prophylactic drug · primary VUR

It is very uncertain whether endoscopic injection treatment changes microbial resistance to the prophylactic drug compared with antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.63 [0.34, 1.15]
1 study · 24 participants
Very low

Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis

Number of participants with symptomatic UTI · primary VUR

Probiotics showed no clear difference in all symptomatic UTI by 1 year compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.56, 1.21]
2 studies · 248 participants
Low