Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,801 questions · 4,079 findings · 473 reviews

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No studies found 669 · 16.4%GRADE not reported 852 · 20.9%Very low 738 · 18.1%Low 903 · 22.1%Moderate 716 · 17.6%High 201 · 4.9%

Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials

Reduction in alcohol‐related injuries or accidents ‐ not measured · general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials

Reduction in individual spending on alcohol ‐ not measured · general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials

Loss of revenue from alcohol industry ‐ not measured · general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Non‐alcohol commercials vs alcohol commercials

Loss of advertising revenue ‐ not measured · general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Alcohol ban vs no ban

Alcohol consumption: % change in beer consumption · general population

1 finding from 1 review

Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 participants
Very low

Alcohol ban vs no ban

Reduction in rate of reported risk behaviour ‐ not reported · general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Depression · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Depression (Cohort studies): HR 0.44 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.72), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Suggestive.

2 findings from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
Cohort studies
HR 0.44 [0.27, 0.72]
3 studies · 8815 participants
GRADE not reported
Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
Case-control studies
OR 0.77 [0.59, 1.00]
9 studies · 19807 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

Serum fasting triglyceride (TG, mmol/L) · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Triglycerides: WMD -1.92 (95% CI -7.72 to 3.88), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
WMD -1.92 [-7.72, 3.88]
8 studies
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration vs Lower circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration

Breast cancer · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 1,25(OH)2D) for Breast cancer: OR 0.99 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.44), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
OR 0.99 [0.68, 1.44]
3 studies · 3627 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Ischaemic stroke · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Ischaemic stroke (Hazard ratio (cohort studies)): HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.80), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Suggestive.

2 findings from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
Hazard ratio (cohort studies)
HR 0.66 [0.55, 0.80]
4 studies · 26596 participants
GRADE not reported
Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
Odds ratio (case-control studies)
OR 0.52 [0.44, 0.61]
5 studies · 31858 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

High density lipoprotein · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for High density lipoprotein: WMD -0.14 (95% CI -0.99 to 0.71), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Substantial effect unlikely.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
WMD -0.14 [-0.99, 0.71]
8 studies
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration vs Lower circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration

Colon cancer · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 1,25(OH)2D) for Colon cancer: OR 0.88 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.35), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
OR 0.88 [0.57, 1.35]
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration vs Lower circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration

Aggressive prostate cancer · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 1,25(OH)2D) for Aggressive prostate cancer: OR 0.75 (95% CI 0.48 to 1.17), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Substantial effect unlikely.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
OR 0.75 [0.48, 1.17]
2 studies · 1488 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration vs Lower circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration

Prostate cancer · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 1,25(OH)2D) for Prostate cancer: OR 0.99 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.14), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Substantial effect unlikely.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
OR 0.99 [0.87, 1.14]
7 studies · 3640 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Kidney cancer · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Kidney cancer: OR 1.01 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.58), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Substantial effect unlikely.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
OR 1.01 [0.65, 1.58]
6 studies · 1480 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

Serum low‐density lipoprotein (LDL, mmol/L) · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Low density lipoprotein: WMD 3.23 (95% CI 0.55 to 5.9), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Suggestive.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
WMD 3.23 [0.55, 5.9]
7 studies
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

CVD · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Cardiovascular disease: RR 0.95 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.05), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Suggestive.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
RR 0.95 [0.86, 1.05]
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Body‐mass index (BMI) · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Body mass index: Z score -0.15 (95% CI -0.19 to -0.11), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Suggestive.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
Z score -0.15 [-0.19, -0.11]
37 studies · 16525 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Sporadic colorectal adenoma · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Sporadic colorectal adenoma: OR 0.82 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.97), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
OR 0.82 [0.69, 0.97]
9 studies · 6268 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

Systolic blood pressure · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Systolic blood pressure: WMD -2.39 (95% CI -5.7 to 0.9), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Suggestive.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
WMD -2.39 [-5.7, 0.9]
3 studies
GRADE not reported