Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,973 questions · 3,072 findings · 410 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 559 · 18.2%GRADE not reported 143 · 4.7%Very low 654 · 21.3%Low 833 · 27.1%Moderate 683 · 22.2%High 200 · 6.5%

Tiotropium vs placebo

Quality of life: number of participants with clinically significant improvement (≥ 4 units) in SGRQ total score · people with COPD who have smoked for ≥ 10 pack‐years

Tiotropium leads to higher number of patients with a clinically significant improvement (≥ 4… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tiotropium vs placebo

Number of patients with a clinically significant worsening (≥ 4 units) in quality of life (SGRQ) · people with COPD who have smoked for ≥ 10 pack‐years

Tiotropium leads to lower number of patients with a clinically significant worsening (≥ 4… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tiotropium vs placebo

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · people with COPD who have smoked for ≥ 10 pack‐years

Tiotropium leads to lower number of patients with one or more exacerbations compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tiotropium vs placebo

Hospital admissions due to exacerbations: number of participants · people with COPD who have smoked for ≥ 10 pack‐years

Tiotropium showed no clear difference in number of patients with one or more exacerbations requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CPR plus delayed defibrillation vs immediate defibrillation: overall analysis

Survival to hospital discharge · patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest

CPR plus delayed defibrillation showed no clear difference in survival to hospital discharge rate compared with immediate defibrillation: overall analysis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CPR plus delayed defibrillation vs immediate defibrillation: overall analysis

Neurological outcome at hospital discharge rate of good recovery · patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest

CPR plus delayed defibrillation showed no clear difference in neurological outcome at hospital discharge rate of good recovery compared with immediate defibrillation: overall analysis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CPR plus delayed defibrillation vs immediate defibrillation: overall analysis

ROSC rate · patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest

CPR plus delayed defibrillation showed no clear difference in ROSC rate compared with immediate defibrillation: overall analysis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CPR plus delayed defibrillation vs immediate defibrillation: overall analysis

Survival at 1 year rate · patients with out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest

CPR plus delayed defibrillation showed no clear difference in survival at 1 year rate compared with immediate defibrillation: overall analysis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review