Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

262 questions · 309 findings · 35 reviews

No studies found 66 · 21.4%GRADE not reported 46 · 14.9%Very low 85 · 27.5%Low 60 · 19.4%Moderate 38 · 12.3%High 14 · 4.5%

Nausea · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Strong opioids showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ Nausea compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 12
5 studies · 2346 participants
Low

Constipation · adults with chronic low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes side effects ‐ Constipation compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 11
5 studies · 2346 participants
Very low