Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,815 questions · 6,211 findings · 638 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1,052 · 16.9%GRADE not reported 441 · 7.1%Very low 1,700 · 27.4%Low 1,651 · 26.6%Moderate 1,070 · 17.2%High 297 · 4.8%

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Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes compared with low‐dose vaginal misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.5, 1.97]
7 studies · 941 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol

Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in neonatal intensive care unit admission compared with low‐dose vaginal misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.61, 1.63]
9 studies · 1302 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) probably leads to higher vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.28 [1.13, 1.46]
2 studies · 782 participants
Moderate

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.48, 1.38]
2 studies · 2033 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Caesarean section · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) probably leads to higher caesarean section compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [1.04, 1.32]
7 studies · 3178 participants
Moderate

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.11 [0.6, 2.06]
3 studies · 2627 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

It is very uncertain whether balloon (Foley or ATAD) changes serious maternal morbidity or death compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.52]
3 studies · 2627 participants
Very low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) probably leads to lower uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.35 [0.18, 0.67]
6 studies · 1966 participants
Moderate

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in apgar score < 7 after 5 minutes compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.71 [0.38, 1.32]
4 studies · 2693 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose oral misoprostol

Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in neonatal intensive care unit admission compared with low‐dose oral misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.58, 1.17]
5 studies · 2873 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Caesarean section · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.92, 1.09]
28 studies · 6619 participants
Moderate

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) probably leads to lower serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.48 [0.25, 0.93]
8 studies · 2757 participants
Moderate

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Serious maternal morbidity or death · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

It is very uncertain whether balloon (Foley or ATAD) changes serious maternal morbidity or death compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.12]
4 studies · 1481 participants
Very low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.74 [0.49, 1.14]
14 studies · 4271 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs vaginal prostaglandin E2

Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in neonatal intensive care unit admission compared with vaginal prostaglandin E2 (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.65, 1.04]
12 studies · 3647 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol

Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) showed no clear difference in vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours compared with low‐dose vaginal misoprostol (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.09 [0.85, 1.39]
2 studies · 340 participants
Low

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) vs low‐dose vaginal misoprostol

Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · third trimester induction of labour in women with a viable fetus

Balloon (Foley or ATAD) probably leads to lower uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes compared with low‐dose vaginal misoprostol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical methods for induction of labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.39 [0.18, 0.85]
8 studies · 1322 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Aflibercept · people with diabetic macular oedema

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for diabetic macular oedema: a network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 641 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Conbercept · people with diabetic macular oedema

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for diabetic macular oedema: a network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 125 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Bevacizumab · people with diabetic macular oedema

1 finding from 1 review

Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for diabetic macular oedema: a network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 373 participants
Moderate