Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,587 questions · 5,761 findings · 495 reviews

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No studies found 1,011 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 1,797 · 31.2%Very low 1,100 · 19.1%Low 1,052 · 18.3%Moderate 649 · 11.3%High 152 · 2.6%

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Toothbrushing + 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Toothbrushing alone

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Toothbrushing + 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash may leads to lower dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with toothbrushing (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 3 weeks
MD -0.48 [-0.72, -0.24]
1 study · 70 participants
Low

0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

It is very uncertain whether 0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo chewing gum (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 4 weeks
MD -0.1 [-0.31, 0.11]
1 study · 65 participants
Very low

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

It is very uncertain whether miswak (Salvadora persica) mouthwash changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 1 week
MD 0.01 [-0.95, 0.97]
1 study · 21 participants
Very low

0.2% zinc sulphate toothpaste vs Placebo toothpaste (without zinc)

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

0.2% zinc sulphate toothpaste led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with placebo toothpaste (without zinc); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 weeks
MD -11.3 [-20.45, -2.15]
1 study · 188 participants
GRADE not reported

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Patient self-assessment VAS (scale 0 to 10) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether miswak (Salvadora persica) mouthwash changes patient self-assessment VAS (scale 0 to 10) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 1 week
MD -0.18 [-1.59, 1.23]
1 study · 21 participants
Very low

0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum vs 0.4% eucalyptus chewing gum

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with 0.4% eucalyptus chewing gum; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 weeks
MD 0.0 [-0.21, 0.21]
1 study · 64 participants
GRADE not reported

Toothbrushing + 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Toothbrushing alone

Patient-reported OLT score · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 3 weeks
Patient-reported OLT score: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score.
0 studies
No studies found

Pycnogenol chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

VSC: hydrogen sulphide · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Pycnogenol chewing gum led to lower VSC: hydrogen sulphide compared with placebo chewing gum; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 weeks
MD -114.9 [-206.59, -23.21]
1 study · 21 participants
GRADE not reported

Zinc chloride + sodium fluoride dentifrice vs Sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Payne 2011 reported 19 non-oral and 12 oral adverse effects. The oral effects were tingling sensation in lips, dry mouth or sore gums.
1 study
GRADE not reported

NSAIDs vs oral progestogens (control)

MBL (mL per cycle) · women with heavy menstrual bleeding

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 48 participants
Low

NSAIDs vs oral progestogens (control)

Number of days' bleeding · women with heavy menstrual bleeding

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 48 participants
Moderate

NSAIDs vs oral progestogens (control)

Quality of life · women with heavy menstrual bleeding

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs oral contraceptive pill (control)

MBL (mL per cycle) · women with heavy menstrual bleeding

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 26 participants
Low

NSAIDs vs oral contraceptive pill (control)

Quality of life · women with heavy menstrual bleeding

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs oral contraceptive pill (control)

Days of bleeding · women with heavy menstrual bleeding

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

IV vs oral cyclophosphamide

Complete remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

IV showed no clear difference in complete remission compared with oral cyclophosphamide (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.58 [0.65, 3.85]
2 studies · 61 participants
Low

IV vs oral cyclophosphamide

Partial remission ( · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

IV showed no clear difference in partial remission compared with oral cyclophosphamide (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.15, 6.55]
1 study · 50 participants
Low

IV vs oral cyclophosphamide

Remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

IV showed no clear difference in continuing remission at one year compared with oral cyclophosphamide (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.75 [0.19, 3.01]
1 study · 50 participants
Low

IV vs oral cyclophosphamide

Adverse events: renal insufficiency · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

IV showed no clear difference in adverse events: renal insufficiency compared with oral cyclophosphamide (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.04, 2.99]
1 study · 50 participants
Low

IV vs oral cyclophosphamide

Adverse effects ‐ Bacterial infection clinical assessment · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children

It is very uncertain whether IV changes adverse events: bacterial infection compared with oral cyclophosphamide (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.1, 10.62]
2 studies · 61 participants
Very low