In‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported in‐hospital mortality, and mortality up to 28 days and up to ICU discharge) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support
HFNC showed no clear difference in in‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported… compared with standard oxygen therapy (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events Respiratory infection (pneumonia) Nasal mucosa or skin trauma · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support
HFNC showed no clear difference in adverse events Respiratory infection (pneumonia) Nasal mucosa or… compared with standard oxygen therapy (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of ICU stay · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support
1 finding from 1 review
Respiratory effects: PaO2/FiO2 ratio up to 24 hours after initiation of therapy · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support
1 finding from 1 review
Comfort · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support
2 findings from 1 review
Treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV or invasive ventilation) Measured up to 28 days · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support
HFNC showed no clear difference in treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV… compared with NIPPV or NIV (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
In‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported in‐hospital mortality, and mortality up to 28 days and up to ICU discharge) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support
HFNC showed no clear difference in in‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported… compared with NIPPV or NIV (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Cardiovascular mortality · patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Beta‐blockers may leads to lower cardiovascular mortality (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life (MLHFQ): from 0 to 105 · patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
1 finding from 1 review
Heart failure hospitalisation (RR) · patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
It is very uncertain whether beta‐blockers changes heart failure hospitalisation (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Hyperkalaemia · patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality (RR) · patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life (MLHFQ): from 0 to 105 · patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
1 finding from 1 review
Cardiovascular mortality · patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Heart failure hospitalisation (RR) · patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) probably leads to lower heart failure hospitalisation (RR) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Hyperkalaemia · patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) leads to higher hyperkalaemia compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality · patients with chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Crystalloid vs control · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
The intervention may leads to lower crystalloid vs control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal nausea and/or vomiting · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
It is very uncertain whether crystalloid changes maternal nausea and/or vomiting compared with control (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Neonatal acidosis as defined by cord or neonatal blood with a pH < 7.2 · women having spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found