Early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in early all‐cause mortality (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.89, 1.54]
16 studies · 11446 participants
Low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Myocardial infarction (0 to 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers may leads to lower acute myocardial infarction (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.6, 0.87]
12 studies · 10520 participants
Low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Cerebrovascular events (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers showed no clear difference in cerebrovascular events (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.65 [0.97, 2.81]
6 studies · 9460 participants
Low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

It is very uncertain whether perioperative beta‐blockers changes ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.35, 1.47]
5 studies · 476 participants
Very low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, or both (within 30 days) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers may leads to lower atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, or both (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.41 [0.21, 0.79]
9 studies · 9080 participants
Low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Bradycardia · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers may leads to higher bradycardia (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum… compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.49 [1.74, 3.56]
49 studies · 12239 participants
Low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

Hypotension · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia (to include: low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk surgeries)

Perioperative beta‐blockers probably leads to higher hypotension (within 30 days; as defined by study authors, minimum… compared with placebo or standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.4 [1.29, 1.51]
49 studies · 12304 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Primary outcome measure · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women; pregnant women and…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Caesarean section – emergency · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women; pregnant women and…

The intervention showed no clear difference in caesarean section – emergency (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.67, 1.23]
Studies not reported
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Caesarean section – elective repeat · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women; pregnant women and…

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Caesarean section – for psychological reasons · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women; pregnant women and…

The intervention showed no clear difference in caesarean section – for psychological reasons (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.5, 1.36]
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Caesarean section – overall · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women; pregnant women and…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes caesarean section – overall (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.56, 1.18]
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Caesarean section – VBAC · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women; pregnant women and…

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Caesarean section – scheduled · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women; pregnant women and…

The intervention showed no clear difference in caesarean section – scheduled (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.9 [0.74, 1.11]
Studies not reported
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Caesarean section – urgent · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women; pregnant women and…

The intervention showed no clear difference in caesarean section – urgent (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.58, 1.33]
Studies not reported
Moderate