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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
767 questions in 53 reviews · Back and Neck
current versionsNo studies 149 · 19.4%Ungraded 41 · 5.3%Very low 168 · 21.9%Low 226 · 29.5%Moderate 156 · 20.3%High 27 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table 1: Brazilian arnica extract vs placebo Pain reduction based on Pain VAS instrument 0‐100 scale · patients with back pain Herbal medicine for low‐back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table 10: Spiroflor SRL vs CCC Pain VAS 0‐100 scale · patients with acute and chronic LBP Herbal medicine for low‐back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 161 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table 2: Topical capsaicin cream or plaster vs placebo Pain perception according to the Pain VAS scale 0‐10 · patients with chronic LBP or soft tissue pain Herbal medicine for low‐back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 755 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table 3: Topical capsaicin cream vs placebo Pain evaluation on a 10 cm linear scale · patients with acute mechanical LBP Herbal medicine for low‐back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 40 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table 4: H. procumbens vs placebo Arhus pain index scale 0‐130 · patients with chronic back pain Herbal medicine for low‐back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 315 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table 5: H. procumbens extract vs Vioxx® Modified Arhus Index Scale 0‐120 · patients with chronic LBP Herbal medicine for low‐back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 88 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table 6: Willow bark extract vs placebo Pain VAS Scale 0‐10 · patients with chronic LBP Herbal medicine for low‐back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 261 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table 7: Willow bark extract vs rofecoxib Arhus Index Scale 0‐130 Pain VAS Scale 0‐10 · patients with chronic LBP Herbal medicine for low‐back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 228 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table 8: Comfrey root extract vs placebo Pain VAS sum (decrease) on active standardized movement (mm) · patients with acute lower and upper back pain Herbal medicine for low‐back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 120 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table 9: Lavender oil acupressure massage and acupoint stimulation vs usual treatment Pain VAS 0‐10 scale · patients with acute LBP Herbal medicine for low‐back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 61 participants | Very low |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Outcomes# · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Side effects ‐ surgical site and other infections > 6 months' · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.07, 0.79] | 6 studies · 931 participants | Moderate |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Side effects ‐ re‐hospitalisation due to recurrent disc herniation ≥ 6 months' · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.74 [1.03, 2.94] | 6 studies · 949 participants | Low |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy SF‐36 Physical Functioning subclass > 6 months' · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 385 participants | Low |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Mean leg pain intensity on a numerical scale, e.g. 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) ‐ 1‐year post operative · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 599 participants | Low |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Mean LBP intensity on a numerical scale, e.g. 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) ‐ 6‐month post operative · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 577 participants | Low |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Mean LBP intensity on a numerical scale, e.g. 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) ‐ 1‐year post operative · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 577 participants | Very low |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Mean LBP intensity on a numerical scale, e.g. 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) ‐ 2‐year post operative · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 577 participants | Low |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Persistent motor deficits post operative · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 126 participants | Low |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Persistent sensory deficits post operative · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 165 participants | Low |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Persistent reflex deficit post operative (12 months) · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 47 participants | Low |
Minimal invasive discectomy vs micro/discectomy Disability (higher ratings mean greater disability). Various instruments were used, e.g. in Oswestry Disability Index > 6 months' post operative 0% (no disability) to 100% (bedridden) · participants with lumbar disc herniation Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 312 participants | Low |
Traction vs placebo, sham or no treatment Pain intensity VAS (0‐100 mm). · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |
Physiotherapy with traction vs physiotherapy without traction Adverse effects · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs another type of traction Pain intensity VAS (0‐100 mm). · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs another type of traction Functional status Oswestry Disability Index or Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs another type of traction Global improvement · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs another type of traction Return to work · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs another type of traction Adverse effects · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs any other treatment Pain intensity VAS (0‐100 mm). · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 304 participants | Moderate |
Traction vs any other treatment Functional status Oswestry Disability Index or Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 350 participants | Moderate |
Traction vs any other treatment Global improvement · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | High |
Traction vs any other treatment Return to work · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs placebo, sham or no treatment Functional status Oswestry Disability Index or Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs any other treatment Adverse effects · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs placebo, sham or no treatment Global improvement · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 81 participants | Moderate |
Traction vs placebo, sham or no treatment Return to work · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traction vs placebo, sham or no treatment Adverse effects · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physiotherapy with traction vs physiotherapy without traction Pain intensity VAS (0‐100 mm). · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | High |
Physiotherapy with traction vs physiotherapy without traction Functional status Oswestry Disability Index or Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 69 participants | High |
Physiotherapy with traction vs physiotherapy without traction Global improvement · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 220 participants | High |
Physiotherapy with traction vs physiotherapy without traction Return to work · people with low‐back pain with and without sciatica Traction for low‐back pain with or without sciatica (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Pain Intensity ‐ intermediate‐term · Patients with subacute/chronic neck pain with or without radicular symptoms and cervicogenic headache Electrotherapy for neck pain (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 269 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Satisfaction · Patients with chronic non‐specific neck pain Electrotherapy for neck pain (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life · Patients with chronic non‐specific neck pain Electrotherapy for neck pain (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse effects · Patients with chronic non‐specific neck pain Electrotherapy for neck pain (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Function intermediate‐term · Patients with subacute/chronic neck pain with or without radicular symptoms and cervicogenic headache Electrotherapy for neck pain (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 269 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Global Perceived Effect · Patients with subacute/chronic neck pain with or without radicular symptoms and cervicogenic headache Electrotherapy for neck pain (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Satisfaction intermediate‐term · Patients with subacute/chronic neck pain with or without radicular symptoms and cervicogenic headache Electrotherapy for neck pain (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 269 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Quality of life · Patients with subacute/chronic neck pain with or without radicular symptoms and cervicogenic headache Electrotherapy for neck pain (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |