Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

625 questions · 647 findings · 67 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 83 · 12.8%GRADE not reported 70 · 10.8%Very low 141 · 21.8%Low 227 · 35.1%Moderate 97 · 15%High 29 · 4.5%

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 69 participants
Low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Duration of leg cramps: persisting symptoms after night‐time cramps Always · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

Oral magnesium may leads to lower duration of leg cramps: persisting symptoms after night‐time cramps… compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.23 [0.05, 0.98]
1 study · 69 participants
Low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Duration of leg cramps: persisting symptoms after night‐time cramps Sometimes · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether oral magnesium changes duration of leg cramps: persisting symptoms after night‐time cramps… compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.19, 1.83]
1 study · 69 participants
Very low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Composite outcome: symptoms of leg cramps (intensity and frequency) Partial improvement: decrease in intensity and frequency · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether oral magnesium changes composite outcome: symptoms of leg cramps (intensity and frequency)… compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.71, 1.61]
1 study · 42 participants
Very low

Acupuncture or acupressure plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Aromatherapy plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Pain · post‐caesarean pain

2 findings from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 360 participants
Low
Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 200 participants
Low

Aromatherapy plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Anxiety (adverse effect, post‐intervention) · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Aromatherapy plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Heart rate · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Aromatherapy plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Rescue analgesic consumption · post‐caesarean pain

It is very uncertain whether aromatherapy plus analgesia changes rescue analgesic requirement compared with placebo plus analgesia (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.19, 2.49]
3 studies · 220 participants
Very low

Aromatherapy plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Electromagnetic therapy plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Pain · post‐caesarean pain

2 findings from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 72 participants
Low
Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 72 participants
Low

Electromagnetic therapy plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Adverse effects · post‐caesarean pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Electromagnetic therapy plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Vital signs · post‐caesarean pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Electromagnetic therapy plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Rescue analgesic consumption · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 72 participants
Low

Electromagnetic therapy plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Pain · post‐caesarean pain

2 findings from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 115 participants
Low
Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Low

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Anxiety (adverse effect, post‐intervention) · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Very low

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Vital signs‐ heart hate · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Very low

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Rescue analgesic requirement (dose ‐ morphine) · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Low

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found