Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

412 questions · 450 findings · 63 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 91 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 34 · 7.6%Very low 151 · 33.6%Low 113 · 25.1%Moderate 50 · 11.1%High 11 · 2.4%

CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments)

Depression · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years)

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 314 participants
Low

CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments)

Adverse effects · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people living in the… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

Arrested for any crime at 6 months · summary findings of female review

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies changes arrested for any crime at 6 months compared with prison therapeutic community (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.52, 1.03]
1 study · 314 participants
Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

Criminal Activity · summary findings of female review

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies changes criminal activity at 6 months compared with prison therapeutic community (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.8 [0.63, 1.03]
1 study · 314 participants
Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

Drug‐related crime at 6 months · summary findings of female review

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies changes drug‐related crime at 6 months compared with prison therapeutic community (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.68, 1.32]
1 study · 314 participants
Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

Arrested (not parole violation) at 6 months · summary findings of female review

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies changes arrested (not parole violation) at 6 months compared with prison therapeutic community (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.43 [0.25, 0.77]
1 study · 314 participants
Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

Drug use · summary findings of female review

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies changes self‐reported drug use at 6 months compared with prison therapeutic community (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.58, 1.27]
1 study · 314 participants
Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

Reincarcerated at 12 months after parole · summary findings of female review

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies showed no clear difference in reincarcerated at 12 months after parole compared with prison therapeutic community (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.43, 1.12]
1 study · 115 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs treatment

Incarceration at 3 months · summary findings of female review

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and standard therapy changes incarceration at 3 months compared with treatment (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.46 [0.04, 4.68]
1 study · 44 participants
Very low
Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.51 [0.2, 1.27]
1 study · 44 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs treatment

ASI drug score at 6 months · summary findings of female review

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 44 participants
Very low
Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 44 participants
Very low

Mindfulness with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs no treatment (both groups received standard medical therapy)

Treatment success as defined by the authors · people with inflammatory bowel disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Mindfulness with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs no treatment (both groups received standard medical therapy)

Pain frequency and intensity (measured as part of the 0‐500 point IBS‐SSS questionnaire) · people with inflammatory bowel disease

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 66 participants
Very low

Mindfulness with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs no treatment (both groups received standard medical therapy)

Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with inflammatory bowel disease

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 66 participants
Very low

Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs Twelve Step Facilitation

Maximum number of weeks of consecutive alcohol abstinence during treatment · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs Twelve Step Facilitation

Number of participants achieving 3 or more weeks of consecutive alcohol abstinence during treatment · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users

It is very uncertain whether cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) changes number of participants achieving 3 or more weeks of consecutive… compared with twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.96 [0.43, 8.94]
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs Twelve Step Facilitation

Abstinence from alcohol over the last 30 days · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users

It is very uncertain whether cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) changes alcohol abstinence compared with twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.38 [0.1, 55.06]
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs Twelve Step Facilitation

Retention [ · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users

It is very uncertain whether cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) changes retention ‐ end of treatment compared with twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.62, 1.29]
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY + MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING vs usual care

Lost to treatment · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: Lost to treatment compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.62, 1.59]
1 study · 327 participants
Low

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY + MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING vs usual care

Adverse event: Death · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing showed no clear difference in adverse event: Death compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.6 [0.2, 1.76]
4 studies · 603 participants
Low

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY + MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING vs usual care

Alcohol use Estimated daily consumption in previous month · people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 46 participants
GRADE not reported