What do systematic reviews say?

Amphotericin B vs placebo or no treatment

Amphotericin B showed no clear difference in oral candidiasis (present) compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.46 [0.18, 1.23]
  2 studies · 48 participants
  GRADE not reported

Itraconazole vs Fluconazole

Itraconazole showed no clear difference in empirical antifungal treatment compared with fluconazole; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.43]
  1 study · 202 participants
  GRADE not reported

Psychological intervention based on a specified psychological model/theory (to increase adherence to oral hygiene instructions) vs usual care or no treatment

• Psychological interventions to improve adherence to oral hygiene instructions in adults with periodontal diseases 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes

  4 months
  Little 1997 observed and rated participants on flossing skill; Analysis of Covariance found a significant difference favouring the intervention group.
  1 study · 107 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs placebo or no treatment

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole,… showed no clear difference in systemic fungal infection compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.65 [0.37, 1.14]
  6 studies · 1041 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No trial reported this planned secondary outcome for any comparison in this review
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Psychological intervention based on a specified psychological model/theory (to increase adherence to oral hygiene instructions) vs usual care or no treatment

• Psychological interventions to improve adherence to oral hygiene instructions in adults with periodontal diseases 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  The impact of psychological interventions on clinical markers was assessed in three studies (Little 1997; Stewart 1991; Weinstein 1996). All three found that psychological interventions resulted in improved plaque…
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs placebo or no treatment

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole,… led to lower empirical antifungal treatment compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.85 [0.73, 0.99]
  2 studies · 465 participants
  GRADE not reported

Psychological intervention based on a specified psychological model/theory (to increase adherence to oral hygiene instructions) vs usual care or no treatment

• Psychological interventions to improve adherence to oral hygiene instructions in adults with periodontal diseases 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Stewart 1996: the psychological intervention group demonstrated significantly higher change in self efficacy scores for flossing at post-intervention compared to the other two groups (control and educational). Flossing…
  1 study · 117 participants
  GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine vs placebo or no treatment

Chlorhexidine showed no clear difference in oral candidiasis (present) compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.59 [0.19, 1.83]
  3 studies · 115 participants
  GRADE not reported

Itraconazole vs Fluconazole

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  1 study (Huijgens 1999); no evidence of a difference; single-study total not pooled
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No trial reported this planned secondary outcome for any comparison in this review
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs placebo or no treatment

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole,… showed no clear difference in good compliance compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.06 [0.89, 1.27]
  2 studies · 615 participants
  GRADE not reported

Norfloxacin plus amphotericin B vs Amphotericin B

Norfloxacin plus amphotericin B showed no clear difference in oral candidiasis (present) compared with amphotericin B; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.38 [0.15, 1.0]
  1 study · 106 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No trial reported this planned secondary outcome for any comparison in this review
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antifungal drugs partially absorbed from GI tract (miconazole, clotrimazole) vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  2 studies, 60 participants; effect not estimable (no events reported)
  2 studies · 60 participants
  GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine vs Chlorhexidine plus nystatin

Chlorhexidine showed no clear difference in oral candidiasis (present) compared with chlorhexidine plus nystatin; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.62 [0.64, 4.1]
  1 study · 52 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs placebo or no treatment

Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole,… showed no clear difference in death associated with fungal infection compared with placebo or no treatment; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.44 [0.14, 15.43]
  3 studies · 718 participants
  GRADE not reported

Itraconazole vs Fluconazole

Itraconazole showed no clear difference in systemic fungal infection compared with fluconazole; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.0 [0.26, 3.89]
  1 study · 202 participants
  GRADE not reported

Ketoconazole 400 mg vs Ketoconazole 200 mg

• Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  1 study (Scrimgeour 1985); no patient experienced oral candidiasis, not estimable
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Psychological intervention based on a specified psychological model/theory (to increase adherence to oral hygiene instructions) vs attention control

• Psychological interventions to improve adherence to oral hygiene instructions in adults with periodontal diseases 2007 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Weinstein 1996 reported that the psychological intervention led to improvements in plaque score greater than that noted in the attention control group; however the sample size in each arm was very small (n=5) and the…
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported