Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,703 questions · 15,007 findings · 1,416 reviews

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No studies found 2,881 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 1,551 · 10.3%Very low 3,111 · 20.7%Low 3,881 · 25.9%Moderate 2,669 · 17.8%High 914 · 6.1%

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Naproxen vs placebo

Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia)

Naproxen showed no clear difference in need for additional analgesia (self‐recorded) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.29 [0.05, 1.8]
1 study · 33 participants
Low

Naproxen vs placebo

Gastrointestinal effects

Naproxen showed no clear difference in side effects: gastrointestinal symptoms compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.11 [0.18, 25.17]
1 study · 33 participants
Low

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid)

Menstrual blood loss: mean loss

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) showed no clear difference in menstrual blood loss (alkaline hematin method) compared with placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid); GRADE not reported.

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 14.11
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.3
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid)

Duration of bleeding (menstrual diary)

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) showed no clear difference in duration of bleeding (menstrual diary) compared with placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.2
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid)

Side effects: eye and mouth swelling, stomach cramps, fatigue, irritability (diary record)

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 participants
GRADE not reported

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid)

Menstrual blood loss Menstruation "more abundant than normal" (questionnaire)

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid)

Side effects: dyspepsia, diarrhoea, headache, fatigue (questionnaire)

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid)

Aspirin vs paracetamol

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid)

Side effects or other adverse events

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid)

Menstrual blood loss % occurrence of heavy menstrual bleeding (alkaline hematin method)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Duration of bleeding (menstrual diary)

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 110 participants
Low
Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 152 participants
Low

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid)

Menstrual blood loss % occurrence heavy menstrual bleeding (PBAC score)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Side effects or other adverse events

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid) vs placebo

Reduction in painful menstruation

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid) showed no clear difference in reduction in painful menstruation compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.11, 8.95]
1 study · 20 participants
Low

Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid) vs placebo

Menstruation "more painful than normal"

It is very uncertain whether interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid) changes menstruation "more painful than normal" compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.71 [0.44, 1.44]
1 study · 310 participants
Very low

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Menstrual blood loss: mean loss

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 94 participants
Low
Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Naldemedine vs placebo

Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the short terma · people with cancer irrespective of whether receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Naloxone vs placebo

Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the short terma · people with cancer and receiving palliative care with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Naloxone vs placebo

Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the medium termb · people with cancer and receiving palliative care with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Naloxone vs placebo

Laxation response: patient assessment of change in bowel status at the end of trial · people with cancer and receiving palliative care with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found