Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

625 questions · 647 findings · 67 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 83 · 12.8%GRADE not reported 70 · 10.8%Very low 141 · 21.8%Low 227 · 35.1%Moderate 97 · 15%High 29 · 4.5%

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

Duration of any breastfeeding · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

Breast pain · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

Number of women with adverse effects · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

Recurrence of mastitis within 12 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

Breast abscess within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

Nipple damage within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women

It is very uncertain whether probiotics changes nipple damage within 6 months postpartum compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.11, 1.01]
1 study · 424 participants
Very low

Probiotics vs placebo

Duration of any breastfeeding · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Probiotics vs placebo

Breast pain · postpartum breastfeeding women

Probiotics showed no clear difference in breast pain compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.64, 1.01]
2 studies · 335 participants
Low

Probiotics vs placebo

Number of women with adverse events · postpartum breastfeeding women

Probiotics may leads to lower number of women with adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 108 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

Incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum compared with usual care or placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.37 [0.1, 1.34]
3 studies · 429 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

Recurrence of mastitis within 12 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Frequency of leg cramps during treatment · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Composite outcome: symptoms of leg cramps (intensity and frequency) Complete recovery: no leg cramps after treatment · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether oral magnesium changes composite outcome: symptoms of leg cramps (intensity and frequency)… compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3 [0.68, 13.2]
1 study · 42 participants
Very low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Nausea · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

Oral magnesium showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ nausea compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.83 [0.75, 4.51]
1 study · 86 participants
Low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Interventions side effects: diarrhoea · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

Oral magnesium showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ diarrhoea compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 6 [0.75, 47.76]
1 study · 86 participants
Low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Side effects (any reported throughout the intervention period) (ALL) · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

Oral magnesium showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ any compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.36, 2.52]
1 study · 45 participants
Low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Frequency of leg cramps after treatment: never · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

Oral magnesium may leads to higher frequency of leg cramps after treatment: never compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.66 [1.35, 23.68]
1 study · 69 participants
Low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Frequency: 50% reduction in number of leg cramps · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

Oral magnesium may leads to higher frequency: 50% reduction in number of leg cramps compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.42 [1.09, 1.86]
1 study · 86 participants
Low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

Intensity of pain during treatment: mean total scale points The degree of pain was noted in the form, on a scale from 0 to 4 measured over 4 days and nights (0 = no pain, 1 = light pain, 2 = medium pain, 3=strong pain, 4=extreme pain) · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Low

Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment

At least 50% reduction in pain · treating leg cramps in pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether oral magnesium changes intensity of pain: 50% reduction in pain score 100‐mm visual… compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.43 [0.99, 2.06]
1 study · 86 participants
Very low