What do systematic reviews say?

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs relaxation training

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 181 participants
  Moderate

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs waiting list control

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 31 participants
  Low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs waiting list control

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills showed no clear difference in abstinence from drug use compared with waiting list control (low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.89 [0.73, 11.43]
  1 study · 31 participants
  Low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 84 participants
  Very low

Multi‐systemic therapy involving family and juveniles vs treatment

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 156 participants
  Low

Multi‐systemic therapy involving family and juveniles vs treatment

Multi‐systemic therapy involving family and juveniles showed no clear difference in arrested assessed by corroborating with police data compared with treatment (low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.7, 1.36]
  1 study · 158 participants
  Low

Therapeutic community vs treatment

Therapeutic community probably leads to lower re‐incarceration compared with treatment (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.4 [0.24, 0.67]
  2 studies · 266 participants
  Moderate

Multi‐systemic therapy involving family vs group substance abuse therapy

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 112 participants
  Low

Legal defence service and wrap‐around social work services vs legal defence service only

It is very uncertain whether legal defence service and wrap‐around social work services changes committing new offences compared with legal defence service only (very low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64 [0.07, 6.01]
  1 study · 29 participants
  Very low

Therapeutic community and aftercare vs cognitive behavioural skills

Therapeutic community and aftercare showed no clear difference in self‐reported drug use compared with cognitive behavioural skills (low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.46, 1.32]
  1 study · 314 participants
  Low

Therapeutic community and aftercare vs cognitive behavioural skills

Therapeutic community and aftercare showed no clear difference in re‐arrest for any type of crime compared with cognitive behavioural skills (low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.44, 1.09]
  1 study · 314 participants
  Low

Therapeutic community and aftercare vs cognitive behavioural skills

Therapeutic community and aftercare showed no clear difference in criminal Activity compared with cognitive behavioural skills (low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.74 [0.52, 1.05]
  1 study · 314 participants
  Low

Therapeutic community and aftercare vs cognitive behavioural skills

Therapeutic community and aftercare showed no clear difference in drug‐related crime compared with cognitive behavioural skills (low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.56, 1.36]
  1 study · 314 participants
  Low

Therapeutic community vs waiting list control

Therapeutic community probably leads to lower return to prison (recidivism) post parole compared with waiting list control (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.6 [0.46, 0.79]
  1 study · 478 participants
  Moderate

Mental health treatment court with assertive case management model vs treatment

Mental health treatment court with assertive case management model showed no clear difference in conviction for a new crime compared with treatment (low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.9, 1.22]
  1 study · 235 participants
  Low

Mental health treatment court with assertive case management model vs treatment

Mental health treatment court with assertive case management model showed no clear difference in re‐incarceration to jail compared with treatment (low certainty).

• Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.62, 1.01]
  1 study · 235 participants
  Low

Collaborative case management vs treatment

Collaborative case management showed no clear difference in use of primary drug during 9 month compared with treatment (low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.2, 2.12]
  1 study · 77 participants
  Low