Use of pharmacological analgesia · pain management in labour
It is very uncertain whether acupuncture changes use of pharmacological analgesia compared with water injection (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Instrumental vaginal birth · pain management in labour
It is very uncertain whether acupuncture changes assisted vaginal birth compared with water injection (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · pain management in labour
It is very uncertain whether acupuncture changes caesarean section compared with water injection (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · pain management in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · pain management in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Use of pharmacological analgesia · pain management in labour
Acupuncture probably leads to lower use of pharmacological analgesia compared with sham control (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Instrumental vaginal birth · pain management in labour
It is very uncertain whether acupuncture changes assisted vaginal birth compared with sham control (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · pain management in labour
Acupuncture showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with sham control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · pain management in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Satisfaction with pain relief · pain management in labour
Acupuncture showed no clear difference in satisfaction with pain relief in labour compared with usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain or straining on defecation · women in the postpartum period
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Adverse effects on babies: loose stools · women in the postpartum period
It is very uncertain whether laxative changes adverse effects on babies: loose stools compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects on babies: diarrhoea · women in the postpartum period
It is very uncertain whether laxative changes adverse effects on babies: diarrhoea compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain or straining on defecation · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears
1 finding from 1 review
Incidence of postpartum constipation · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Quality of life · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Time from completion of operation to first bowel movement (hours) · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects on women: faecal incontinence during first 10 postpartum days · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears
It is very uncertain whether laxative plus bulking agent changes adverse effects on women: faecal incontinence during first 10… compared with laxative alone (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects on babies · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Incidence of postpartum constipation · women in the postpartum period
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found