Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,721 questions · 19,640 findings · 2,039 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 3,754 · 19.1%GRADE not reported 1,273 · 6.5%Very low 4,859 · 24.7%Low 5,568 · 28.4%Moderate 3,240 · 16.5%High 946 · 4.8%

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Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Duration of bleeding

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Side effects: gastrointestinal disturbances (diarrhoea, lower abdominal pain), headache and sweating

It is very uncertain whether interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) changes side effects: gastrointestinal disturbances (diarrhoea, lower… compared with placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac,… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 4.69 [1.2, 18.44]
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Menstrual blood loss PBAC score

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 100 participants
Low
Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 24 participants
Very low

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Menstrual blood loss Number of pads (diary record)

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 100 participants
Low
Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 110 participants
Low

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Duration of bleeding Number of bleeding days

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 100 participants
Low
Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 290 participants
Very low

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Adverse effects: headache

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) showed no clear difference in side effects: headache compared with placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac,… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.58 [0.18, 1.92]
1 study · 100 participants
Low

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Vomiting

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) showed no clear difference in side effects: vomiting compared with placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac,… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.74 [0.25, 2.18]
1 study · 100 participants
Low

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Vitamin B1 vs placebo

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 participants
GRADE not reported

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Duration of bleeding (menstrual diary)

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 110 participants
Low
Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 152 participants
Low

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Side effects or other adverse events

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids)

Menstrual blood loss: mean loss

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 94 participants
Low
Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – maternal outcomes

Death · women at risk of preterm birth

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Neurodevelopmental disability · women at risk of preterm birth

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental disability at compared with betamethasone – child outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.85, 1.22]
2 studies · 1151 participants
Moderate

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Visual impairment · women at risk of preterm birth

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in visual impairment compared with betamethasone – child outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.15]
1 study · 1227 participants
Low

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Hearing impairment · women at risk of preterm birth

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in hearing impairment compared with betamethasone – child outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.16 [0.63, 2.16]
1 study · 1227 participants
Moderate

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Developmental delay –motor (mild, moderate or severe) · women at risk of preterm birth

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in developmental delay –motor (mild, moderate or severe) compared with betamethasone – child outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.66, 1.2]
1 study · 1166 participants
Moderate

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Intellectual impairment: developmental delay – cognitive or language (mild, moderate or severe) · women at risk of preterm birth

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in intellectual impairment: developmental delay – cognitive or language… compared with betamethasone – child outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.79, 1.2]
1 study · 1161 participants
Moderate

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Cerebral palsy · women at risk of preterm birth

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in cerebral palsy compared with betamethasone – child outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.5 [0.97, 6.39]
1 study · 1223 participants
Low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child as adult) · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether dexamethasone: oral changes any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child… compared with intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.48 [0.45, 4.9]
1 study · 183 participants
Very low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Respiratory distress syndrome · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether dexamethasone: oral changes respiratory distress syndrome compared with intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.75, 1.77]
1 study · 183 participants
Very low