Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2 questions · 4 findings · 1 reviews · Dental caries

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 4 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers

TNF-α level · People who use electronic cigarettes

The review reports no significant e-cigarette effect on salivary TNF-α.

3 findings from 1 review

The effects of electronic smoking on dental caries and proinflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes
Saliva · Saliva
Cohen's d 0.23 [-0.62, 1.09]
5 studies
GRADE not reported
The effects of electronic smoking on dental caries and proinflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes
Gingival crevicular fluid · GCF
Cohen's d 2.19 [1.53, 2.84]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
The effects of electronic smoking on dental caries and proinflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes
Overall
Cohen's d 0.66 [-0.16, 1.43]
7 studies
GRADE not reported

Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers

Combined salivary IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels · People who use electronic cigarettes

The review suggests that vaping does not affect the four combined salivary proinflammatory markers.

1 finding from 1 review

The effects of electronic smoking on dental caries and proinflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes
Saliva · Saliva
Cohen's d 0.21 [-0.36, 0.77]
4 studies
GRADE not reported