What do systematic reviews say?

Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 52 participants
  Very low

Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Scalp infiltration vs placebo or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Scalp block vs placebo or control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

NSAIDs vs control or placebo medications

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 131 participants
  Very low

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with double‐injection technique (high certainty).

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.55, 1.03]
  7 studies · 716 participants
  High

Double vs single‐injection technique

Double showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64 [0.31, 1.31]
  2 studies · 129 participants
  Moderate

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

• Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.41, 1.19]
  5 studies · 482 participants
  High