Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

22 questions · 24 findings · 1 reviews · Oral Health

No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 9 · 37.5%Very low 15 · 62.5%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Dietary supplements (alpha lipoic acid +/- vitamins/lycopene/green tea; hypericum; Catuama; lycopene) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months)
    SoF5 Dietary supplements vs placebo. Symptom relief short-term: insufficient or contradictory evidence regarding benefit of any evaluated dietary supplement; 628 participants (12 RCTs); very low. Subgroups: ALA without…
    12 studies · 628 participants
    Very low

Topical treatments (benzydamine hydrochloride oral rinse) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · benzydamine hydrochloride
    SoF9 Topical treatments vs placebo. Symptom relief short-term: insufficient or contradictory evidence regarding benefit of any evaluated topical treatment; 150 participants (4 RCTs); very low. Subgroups: benzydamine (1…
    4 studies · 150 participants
    Very low

Benzodiazepines (topical clonazepam) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines (topical clonazepam) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Anticonvulsants (gabapentin 300 mg/day, +/- alpha lipoic acid) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether anticonvulsants (gabapentin 300 mg/day, +/- alpha lipoic acid) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐level laser therapy vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether electromagnetic radiation (low-level laser therapy) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines (systemic clonazepam 0.5 mg/day) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines (systemic clonazepam 0.5 mg/day) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cholinergics (bethanechol 15 mg/day) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether cholinergics (bethanechol 15 mg/day) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (cognitive therapy) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether psychological therapies (cognitive therapy) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical treatments (capsaicin oral rinse) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
2 findings from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · capsaicin oral rinse
    Capsaicin oral rinse (Marino 2010; Silvestre 2012) contributes to the topical treatments short-term symptom-relief comparison (insufficient/contradictory). Silvestre 2012 data not presented due to 23% first-phase…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    long-term (>3 to 6 months) · capsaicin oral rinse
    MD -2.60 [-5.11, -0.09]
    1 study · 18 participants
    Very low

Amisulpride (antipsychotic, 50 mg/day) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months)
    Bogetto 1999 (amisulpride) included in the antidepressants/antipsychotics comparison but data not presented due to excessive attrition (19/24; 79%) in the placebo arm.
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines (systemic clordemetildiazepam 1 mg/day) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · clordemetildiazepam
    Bogetto 1999 (clordemetildiazepam) included in the benzodiazepine comparison but data not presented (79% placebo-arm attrition).
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Dietary supplements (Catuama herbal compound) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · Catuama
    'Catuama' herbal compound (Spanemberg 2012) contributes to the dietary supplements short-term symptom-relief comparison (insufficient/contradictory); no separate estimate reported.
    1 study · 72 participants
    GRADE not reported

Physical barriers (tongue protector + reinforced self-control instruction) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether physical barriers (tongue protector + reinforced self-control… changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Amitriptyline vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (lycopene) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · lycopene
    Lycopene (Cano-Carrillo 2014) contributes to the dietary supplements short-term symptom-relief comparison (12 RCTs, insufficient/contradictory); no separate lycopene symptom-relief estimate reported.
    1 study · 50 participants
    GRADE not reported

Topical treatments (topical urea 10%) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · topical urea 10%
    Topical urea 10% (Alvarenga da Silva 2014) contributes to the topical treatments short-term symptom-relief comparison (insufficient/contradictory); no separate estimate reported.
    1 study · 38 participants
    GRADE not reported

Topical treatments (lactoperoxidase oral rinse / Biotene) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms

It is very uncertain whether topical treatments (lactoperoxidase oral rinse / Biotene) changes relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary supplements (hypericum perforatum / St John's Wort) vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    short-term (up to 3 months) · hypericum perforatum
    Hypericum perforatum extract (Sardella 2008, the only low-risk-of-bias study) contributes to the dietary supplements short-term symptom-relief comparison (insufficient/contradictory); no separate estimate reported.
    1 study · 43 participants
    GRADE not reported

Paroxetine vs placebo

Relief of burning/discomfort (symptom relief; pain intensity) · People with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS), that is, oral mucosal pain with no dental or medical cause for such symptoms
1 finding from 1 review