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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

16 questions · 20 findings · 1 reviews

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 2 · 10%Very low 13 · 65%Low 3 · 15%Moderate 2 · 10%High 0 · 0%

Ate or licked fluoride toothpaste vs Did not eat or lick fluoride toothpaste

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years
1 finding from 1 review
  • Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years)
    Nine studies investigated whether children ate or licked toothpaste; measurement subjective so not meta-analyzed (Table 1). Findings mixed: some studies found no significant difference; others (e.g. Celeste 2016 OR up…
    9 studies
    GRADE not reported

Brushed less than once per day vs Brushed once or more per day

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

Brushed less than once per day may leads to lower fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with brushed once or more per day (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride varnish applied before 4 years of age vs Non-fluoride (placebo) varnish

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

Fluoride varnish applied before 4 years of age (biannual) showed no clear difference in fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with placebo varnish (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Used fluoride mouth rinse vs No fluoride mouth rinse

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

Used fluoride mouth rinse showed no clear difference in fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with no fluoride mouth rinse; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Used a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste or less vs Used more than a pea-sized amount

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

It is very uncertain whether used a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste or less changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with used more than a pea-sized amount (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste at or before 12 months (earlier start) vs Started after 12 months (later start)

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

It is very uncertain whether started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste at or before 12… changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with started after 12 months (later start) (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 4 years (earlier start) vs Started after 4 years (later start)

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

It is very uncertain whether started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 4 years… changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with started after 4 years (later start) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpaste less than 1000 ppm (lower concentration) vs Fluoride toothpaste 1000 ppm or more (higher concentration)

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

It is very uncertain whether fluoride toothpaste less than 1000 ppm (lower concentration) changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with fluoride toothpaste 1000 ppm or more (higher concentration) (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 24 months (earlier start) vs Started after 24 months (later start)

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

It is very uncertain whether started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 24 months… changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with started after 24 months (later start) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Brushed less than twice per day vs Brushed twice or more per day

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

It is very uncertain whether brushed less than twice per day changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with brushed twice or more per day (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste at or before 24 months (earlier start) vs Started after 24 months (later start)

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

It is very uncertain whether started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste at or before 24… changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with started after 24 months (later start) (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 12 months (earlier start) vs Started after 12 months (later start)

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

It is very uncertain whether started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 12 months… changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with started after 12 months (later start) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpaste 440 ppm (lower concentration) vs 1450 to 1500 ppm F toothpaste

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

Fluoride toothpaste 440 ppm (lower concentration) probably leads to lower fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with fluoride toothpaste 1450 ppm (higher concentration) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpaste 550 ppm (lower concentration) vs Fluoride toothpaste 1000 ppm or more (higher concentration)

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

Fluoride toothpaste 550 ppm (lower concentration) probably leads to lower fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with fluoride toothpaste 1000 ppm (higher concentration) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Used less than half of the brush of fluoride toothpaste vs Used half or more of the brush

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

It is very uncertain whether used less than half of the brush of fluoride toothpaste changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with used half or more of the brush (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride varnish applied before 4 years of age vs No fluoride varnish application

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

Fluoride varnish applied before 4 years of age may leads to higher fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with no fluoride varnish application (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review