What do systematic reviews say?

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for treating… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.55, 0.88]
  8 studies · 1025 participants
  Very low

Pharmacological intervention and a form of psychotherapy (combination) vs pharmacological intervention and usual care or attention control (single)

• Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for treating… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Psychological therapy vs usual care or attention control

It is very uncertain whether psychological therapy changes depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of… compared with usual care and/or attention control (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for treating… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.77 [0.62, 0.95]
  6 studies · 521 participants
  Very low

Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs usual care with or without sham interventions

It is very uncertain whether non‐invasive brain stimulation changes depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of… compared with sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for treating… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.39, 1.14]
  2 studies · 130 participants
  Very low