Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers
Combined salivary IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels · People who use electronic cigarettes
The review suggests that vaping does not affect the four combined salivary proinflammatory markers.
1 finding from 1 review
- The effects of electronic smoking on dental caries and proinflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomesSaliva · SalivaCohen's d 0.21 [-0.36, 0.77]4 studiesGRADE not reported