What do systematic reviews say?

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table for metformin plus intensive diet and exercise vs intensive diet and exercise

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Acarbose vs no intervention

It is very uncertain whether acarbose changes cardiovascular mortality compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

• Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64 [0.16, 2.56]
  2 studies · 205 participants
  Very low

Acarbose vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether acarbose changes cardiovascular mortality compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.71, 1.1]
  3 studies · 8069 participants
  Very low

Diet vs physical activity or standard treatment

• Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 530 participants
  Very low

Physical activity vs usual care

• Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 274 participants
  Very low

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether diet plus physical activity changes cardiovascular mortality compared with standard treatment (very low certainty).

• Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.24, 3.65]
  7 studies · 3263 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Dipeptidyl‐peptidase (DPP)‐4 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 analogues for prevention or delay of type 2… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2281 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Dipeptidyl‐peptidase (DPP)‐4 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 analogues for prevention or delay of type 2… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 179 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Insulin secretagogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 9306 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Insulin secretagogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 274 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy changes cardiovascular mortality (N) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.14 [0.25, 106.28]
  4 studies · 1156 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality in trials using vitamin D3… (low certainty).

• Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.9, 1.07]
  10 studies · 47267 participants
  Low