What do systematic reviews say?

Xylitol wipes (4.2 g/day) vs Control wipes (no xylitol)

• Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 months
  The authors reported that there were no adverse effects for either group. Zhan 2012.
  1 study · 44 participants
  GRADE not reported

Levamisole (150 mg per day) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Patients receiving levamisole reported more adverse effects than those receiving placebo (mild stomach upset/nausea, diarrhoea, sleeplessness, dysgeusia/dysosmia), however no adverse effects were reported as requiring…
  8 studies
  GRADE not reported

Xylitol lozenges (4.7 g/day) vs no treatment

• Xylitol‐containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 months (48-month follow-up)
  There were no usable data presented for adverse effects. Lenkkeri 2012.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term)

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) probably leads to lower adverse effects: unspecified extrapyramidal symptoms compared with HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term) (moderate certainty).

• Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.43 [0.32, 0.59]
  1 study · 416 participants
  Moderate

Azithromycin (500 mg 20 ‐ 28 days) vs meglumine antimoniate (15 ‐ 20 mg/kg/d

• Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 45 participants
  Moderate

Colchicine (0.5 mg three times per day) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 months
  There was a greater percentage of treatment interruptions in the colchicine group due to gastrointestinal adverse effects (Fisher's exact test P=0.009). The review noted potential evidence of harm at a dose of 1.5 mg…
  1 study · 43 participants
  GRADE not reported

Bee propolis (one 500 mg capsule per day) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 months (minimum)
  Propolis was associated with low rates of minimal side effects.
  1 study · 19 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral miltefosine (1.2 to 3.3 mg/kg/d 28 days) vs meglumine antimoniate (20 mg/kg 20 days)

Oral miltefosine (1.2 to 3.3 mg/kg/d 28 days) probably leads to higher adverse effects (number of participants who had the event) compared with meglumine antimoniate (20 mg/kg 20 days) (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.45 [1.72, 3.49]
  3 studies · 464 participants
  Moderate

Pentoxifylline vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  60 days (plus 60-day follow-up)
  Patients receiving pentoxifylline reported more adverse events than those in the placebo group but this was not statistically significant (69% reported adverse effects: dizziness, headaches, stomach upset, increased…
  1 study · 26 participants
  GRADE not reported

Beta-glucan (1.3/1.6 beta-glucan 10 mg twice daily for 20 days) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  20 days
  There was no reporting of adverse effects.
  1 study · 31 participants
  GRADE not reported

Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (20 mg twice daily for 90 days) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  90 days
  No differences in adverse events were reported.
  1 study · 50 participants
  GRADE not reported

Clofazimine (100 mg daily for 30 days, then 100 mg every other day) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 months
  Clofazimine was associated with an increase in cutaneous adverse effects (skin pigmentation and drying) (Fisher's exact test P=0.015), but these were reported to be easily controlled.
  1 study · 43 participants
  GRADE not reported

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day)

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) probably leads to lower adverse effects: extrapyramidal symptoms (unspecified extrapyramidal… compared with MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) (moderate certainty).

• Chlorpromazine dose for people with schizophrenia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.47 [0.3, 0.74]
  2 studies · 108 participants
  Moderate

14 days inhaled AZLI plus 14 days placebo vs 28 days inhaled AZLI

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Meglumine antimoniate (IMMA) (20 mg/kg/d for 20 days) vs placebo (3 tablets/4 times a day

Meglumine antimoniate (IMMA) (20 mg/kg/d for 20 days) probably leads to higher adverse effects (number of participants who had at least one adverse… compared with placebo (3 tablets/4 times a day (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.51 [1.17, 1.96]
  1 study · 134 participants
  Moderate

Tetracycline suspension (250 mg, held in mouth 2 minutes then swallowed, four times daily for 5 days) vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  5 days per outbreak
  Adverse event rates were comparable between groups.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Pentoxifylline (oral 400 mg thrice daily) plus meglumine antimoniate (IMMA) (20 mg/ kg /day for 20 days) vs IMMA plus placebo

• Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 70 participants
  Moderate

Leukotriene receptor antagonist vs placebo

• Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 months
  The study reported equal drug-related adverse effects for those treated with montelukast and placebo.
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Postoperative systemic antibiotics (phenoxymethylpenicillin/penicillin VK, 7-day course), partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics vs Matched placebo, partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics

• Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  3 days
  1 participant reported diarrhoea (placebo group); 1 participant reported fatigue and reduced energy postoperatively (antibiotic group). 61 participants (2 studies).
  2 studies · 61 participants
  Very low

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: tremor compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months)
  RR 2.11 [0.21, 21.32]
  1 study · 37 participants
  Very low