Primary outcome measure: composite of recurrent stroke (non‐fatal or fatal) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC showed no clear difference in primary outcome measure: composite of recurrent stroke (non‐fatal or… compared with medical therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Time‐to‐event analyses for composite of recurrent stroke or TIA · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC showed no clear difference in time‐to‐event analyses for composite of recurrent stroke or TIA compared with medical therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Time‐to‐event analyses for composite of recurrent stroke or TIA stratified by the type of device studied ‐ Amplatzer PFO occluder · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC showed no clear difference in time‐to‐event analyses for composite of recurrent stroke or TIA… compared with medical therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
CI: Confidence interval;HR: hazard ratio · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Primary outcome measure: composite of recurrent stroke (non‐fatal or fatal) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) stratified by the type of device ‐ Amplatzer PFO occluder · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC showed no clear difference in primary outcome measure: composite of recurrent stroke (non‐fatal or… compared with medical therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Recurrent events: fatal or non‐fatal (same type of stroke, i.e. ischaemic or haemorrhagic) · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC showed no clear difference in primary outcome measure: recurrent stroke (non‐fatal or fatal) compared with medical therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Primary outcome measure: recurrent stroke (non‐fatal or fatal) stratified by the type of device studied ‐ Amplatzer PFO occluder · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC showed no clear difference in primary outcome measure: recurrent stroke (non‐fatal or fatal)… compared with medical therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Death from any cause (secondary outcome 3) · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC showed no clear difference in secondary outcome: all‐cause mortality at the end of compared with medical therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Secondary outcome:total serious adverse events at the end of · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC showed no clear difference in secondary outcome:total serious adverse events at the end of compared with medical therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Secondary outcome: the incidence of atrial fibrillation · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC probably leads to higher secondary outcome: the incidence of atrial fibrillation compared with medical therapy (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Time‐to‐event analyses for recurrent stroke · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC showed no clear difference in time‐to‐event analyses for recurrent stroke compared with medical therapy (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Time‐to‐event analyses for recurrent stroke stratified by the type of device ‐ Amplatzer PFO occluder · people with patent foramen ovale and a history of cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack
TDC showed no clear difference in time‐to‐event analyses for recurrent stroke stratified by the type… compared with medical therapy (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
tDCS plus speech and language therapy (SLT) versus sham tDCS plus SLT for improving aphasia: dropouts Dropouts and adverse events · patients with improving aphasia in patients with aphasia after stroke
1 finding from 1 review
Activities of daily living · people with stroke
1 finding from 1 review
Secondary outcome measure: lower extremity function at the end of · people with stroke
2 findings from 1 review
Muscle strength · people with stroke
2 findings from 1 review
Secondary outcome measure: cognitive abilities at the end of · people with stroke
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
2 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Secondary outcome measure: spatial neglect at the end of the intervention period · people with stroke
1 finding from 1 review
Dropouts, adverse events and deaths during intervention phase Numbers of dropouts, adverse events and deaths from all causes · people with stroke
tDCS showed no clear difference in secondary outcome measure: dropouts, adverse events and deaths… compared with any type of active control intervention (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
ADL outcome · patients with improving activities of daily living, and physical and cognitive functioning at the end of follow‐up, in people after stroke
1 finding from 1 review