What do systematic reviews say?

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

It is very uncertain whether any early psychological intervention changes PTSD diagnosis: post‐treatment compared with waiting list/usual care (very low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.85, 1.32]
  5 studies · 556 participants
  Very low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 409 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 414 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 239 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Any early psychological intervention may leads to lower PTSD diagnosis: 3–6 months compared with waiting list/usual care (low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.62 [0.41, 0.93]
  5 studies · 758 participants
  Low
• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.2, 4.49]
  1 study · 132 participants
  Very low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Any early psychological intervention showed no clear difference in dropouts from treatment compared with waiting list/usual care (low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [0.91, 1.95]
  11 studies · 1154 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 1921 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1009 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 945 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

Any early psychological intervention may leads to higher dropouts from treatment compared with active control condition (low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.61 [1.11, 2.34]
  2 studies · 425 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 465 participants
  Low

Psychological intervention + palatal arch vs Psychological intervention + palatal crib

Psychological intervention + palatal arch led to lower sucking cessation (short term) compared with psychological intervention + palatal crib; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for the cessation of non‐nutritive sucking habits in children 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Short term (less than 12 months)
  RR 0.30 [0.13, 0.74]
  1 study · 22 participants
  GRADE not reported

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation)

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation showed no clear difference in total mortalityDeaths compared with control (usual care/other rehabilitation) (moderate certainty).

• Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.77, 1.05]
  23 studies · 7776 participants
  Moderate

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation)

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation may leads to lower cardiac mortalityDeaths compared with control (usual care/other rehabilitation) (low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.63, 0.98]
  11 studies · 4792 participants
  Low

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation)

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation showed no clear difference in non‐fatal MI compared with control (usual care/other rehabilitation) (low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.64, 1.05]
  13 studies · 7845 participants
  Low

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation)

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation showed no clear difference in revascularisation (CABG and PCI combined) compared with control (usual care/other rehabilitation) (moderate certainty).

• Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.81, 1.11]
  13 studies · 6822 participants
  Moderate

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation)

• Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  12 studies · 3165 participants
  Low

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation)

• Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  19 studies · 5829 participants
  Low

Psychological intervention with or without other rehabilitation vs control (usual care/other rehabilitation)

• Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 1255 participants
  Very low

Pharmacological intervention and a form of psychotherapy (combination) vs pharmacological intervention and usual care or attention control (single)

• Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for treating… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported