Percutaneous techniques showed no clear difference in intraoperative serious, life‐threatening adverse events compared with surgical techniques (low certainty).
Percutaneous techniques showed no clear difference in direct postoperative serious, life‐threatening adverse events compared with surgical techniques (low certainty).
Percutaneous techniques probably leads to lower wound infection/stomatitis compared with surgical techniques (moderate certainty).
Percutaneous techniques may leads to lower unfavourable scarring compared with surgical techniques (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether percutaneous techniques changes major bleeding compared with surgical techniques (very low certainty).
Percutaneous techniques showed no clear difference in tracheostomy tube occlusion/obstruction, accidental decannulation,… compared with surgical techniques (low certainty).