Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

13 questions · 17 findings · 2 reviews · Neonatal

No studies found 2 · 11.8%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 8 · 47.1%Low 4 · 23.5%Moderate 3 · 17.6%High 0 · 0%

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Pain (PIPP) · procedural pain in neonates
3 findings from 1 review

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Any harms ‐ severe apnea requiring resuscitation · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes any harms ‐ severe apnea requiring resuscitation compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Episodes of bradycardia · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes episodes of bradycardia compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · neonates with mechanical ventilation

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes neurodevelopmental outcomes (18 to 24 months) compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review